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Instruments: About Sheng The sheng,a wind-Instrument, was mentioned in oracle bone inscriptions of the Chinese Shang dynasty as early as 1500 b.C, by the name of “he" So the instrument is looking back on more than 3000 years of history. In an old Chinese reference book we find the following entry:"Sheng"means “to grew and develop" the script sign symbolizes seeds sprouting from the ground. The main parts of the sheng are the wind-chest with a mouthpiece, the pipes and the reeds. Today the winds-chest,originally a bottle gourd and from the Tang-period on made of wood, is generally made of metal. The bamboo pipes of the sheng are set into the wind-chest in the from of a horseshoes, and the space between the pipes are big enough for a firm grip. Each pipe has on its inner side a rectangular slot, by which the air is released (called toned tone window in Chinese), whereas on the outer side there is a round hole to be closed by the fingers of the player. The blades, originally also made of bamboo, usually consist of brass nowadays. In the center of each oblong blade there is a free reed, movable to either side, which is set into vibration by the whirling air. On the Sheng sounds are produced in the following way: By blowing out and sucking in streams of air through the mouthpiece of the wind-chest, the player sets the reeds of the pipes into vibrations, which in turn initiate the columns of air inside the pipes to resonance pulsation. The pitch is deter minded by the distance between the reed of a pipe and the blow out slot above, whereas the visible length of the pipes is of no influence on it. For mere aesthetic reason the symmetrically arranged pipes are of different length. Because of its shape, reminding of ?Phoenix wings? the instrument is also called â€Phoenix Sheng" In the western world the sheng is referred to as traditional Chinese mouth organ. It is the oldest known instrument, in which the principle of the free-reed has been realized. It was only in the late 18th century, that this principle was applied to European musical instruments as for example of the harmonica, the accordeon and the organ. Modern developments of the sheng include instruments with a number of 21,24.36 or 37 pipes, the electro acoustic sheng or the giant bass sheng, that is placed upright in front of the player. The modern discant sheng allows for free changing between the keys and covers a range of three chromatic octaves. Therefore it is possible to play several tones at the same time, fugues for several voices, chords, and even clusters with the sheng. In the Chinese music the sheng is used both as an orchestral instrument. Also in the orchestral realization of regional operas of Shandong ( Shangdong Bangai), Henen (henen bangai) and Jiangsu (Kunqu) the sheng plays an important role as harmonizing and accentuating instrument. ..
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