crust punk
Crust punk is one of the many extreme evolutions of anarcho-punk. Crust was created by fusing elements of anarcho-punk and metal (arguably early thrash metal) or grindcore to create a unique sound often characterized by extremely fast hardcore punk based tempos, often guttural or shrill vocalization, and a gritty, bass-heavy sound. Although not the same genre, crust is very closely related to and influenced by d-beat, anarcho-punk, thrashcore, power violence and grindcore.Ethics Culture and HistoryMany consider the band Amebix to be the godfathers of crust punk, and consider the Arise! LP to be the first known defining crust punk album. Extreme Noise Terror also was a huge influence on most crust bands, leading bands to play faster, unlike Amebix's sludgy crust. The band Hellbastard, who actually coined the term "crust", (after their 1986 "Ripper Crust" demo) was one of the first bands to play the genre as it commonly recognized today. On the other side of the Atlantic, New York's Nausea was one of the most influential early North American crust bands. Prototyptical takes on the genre can be traced back to the peace punk and anarcho punk bands of the early '80s, such as Crass and Discharge. Crass' minimalistic and unique music, DIY approach, and radical politics are still carried today.Lyrics to crust songs tend to be based around politics, anti-oppression and current events and even some human emotion; topics such as anarchism, environmentalism, racial equality, squatting, non-conformity, feminism and abolishing sexism, animal rights, veganism/vegetarianism, religious control, and nuclear destruction are common themes. Elements of the crust sound can be heard in many anarcho-punk bands, such as those releasing recordings on Tribal War Records, Skuld, Profane Existence, Peaceville Records, Havoc Records, Unrest Records, and Life is Abuse Records.Crust punks are known for their heavily political outlook on society and life in general. Many squat in abandoned buildings and choose not to seek employment. This can be equated to what Murray Bookchin has called "lifestyle anarchism".Perhaps the most sterotypical and infamous facet of the persona is the perceived lack of hygiene, as many crust punks seemingly avoid bathing and grooming and women commonly avoid shaving of any body hair. Dreadlocks are also popular. There are several stated reasons for such activity that include, but are not limited to, distain toward the typical socially accepted image of both sexes (or persons in general), wishing to remain free of the toxins and chemicals in many personal hygiene products, refusal to purchase corporate products, or simply the result of living the squatter lifestyle without the accommodations most people are used to. Such beliefs are very similar to, and possibly based on, social ecology and ecofeminism.In terms of religion, many crust punks are atheist and inspired to live by the ideal of "No Gods, No Masters". However, some crust punks may adopt Pagan spirituality due to it's connection to nature, the Earth, and the environment.The DIY ethicCrust punk bands have taken on what is known as a DIY ethic: that is, "do it yourself." In this way one can bypass the traditional recording and distribution routes, with material often being made available in exchange for "a blank tape plus self-addressed envelope". The anarcho-punk and crust punk movement also has its own network of zines which disseminate news, ideas, and artwork from the punk community. Again, these are very much 'DIY' affairs, produced in runs of hundreds rather than thousands (in most cases), printed on photocopiers or duplicator machines, and distributed by hand at shows or gatherings. Crust punk has taken this DIY ethic to a farther degree, often refusing to buy any corporate products, screen printing patches and sewing clothing by hand out of found materials, materials specifically bought from other members of the punk community, or local community and small co-ops/companies.Outside influenceGrindcore is often a direct influence, as the extreme tones and brutal nature of grindcore can be similar to those of crust. Crust was affected by a second wave of influence in the 1990s, with some bands being influenced more by early black metal; Iskra (band) for example, are probably the most obvious modern example of black-metal-influenced crust. Iskra coined their own phrase "blackened crust" to describe this new style. Earlier examples could be found in Black Kronstadt(especially the "Free Spirit" LP). Blackened crust is however generally discounted by fans of black metal, as they often argue that because it is political it isn't black metal. Of course that is because it is crust punk and not black metal.Many crust punks with acoustic guitars have found inspiration in "outlaw country" as well as the progressive leaning folk music of the 1960s and '70s, as well as a huge influence specifically from Woody Guthrie as well as traditonal Irish music. This meld of crust and folk is commonly referred to as folk-punk.In the early 1990s, members of the crust/grindcore band Disrupt formed a band called Grief. Grief's depressively slow blend of punk and doom metal gave inspiration to the burgeoning sludge metal genre, along with bands such as Dystopia (band) and Eyehategod.
Hardcore
Hardcore punk is a subgenre of punk rock which originated in the United States in the 1980s. The sound is thicker, heavier, and faster than 1970s-style punk rock. It is characterized by short, loud, and passionate songs.OriginsHardcore originated in the 1980s in North America, primarily in and around Chicago, California, Texas, and Washington, though New York City, Vancouver, and Boston were also important.While the origin of the term "hardcore punk" is uncertain, the consensus is that it caught on in the early 1980s and evolved simultaneously from different areas.[citation needed] Vancouver-based band D.O.A. has often been credited for popularizing the term hardcore due to the title of their 1981 album, Hardcore '81.While the term that was common in New York City for the faster, newer subgenre of punk at the time, was thrash, writer Scott Eisner used the term 'hardcore punk' in the Queens College publication, Newsbeat, in a review of the band, The Mob. The term was also used briefly by Wayne Mayotte, owner of the Los Angeles, California venue Club 88, in the documentary Decline of Western Civilization, filmed through 1979 to 1980 but copyrighted in 1981 and released several years later.Until about 1983, the term hardcore was used fairly sparingly, mainly as an adjective, not as the name of a defined musical genre. American teenagers who were fans of hardcore considered themselves fans of punk, although they had nothing to do with the original punk movement, which had developed in the late 1970s.In many circles, hardcore was an in-group term, meaning 'music by people like us,' and it included a wide range of sounds, from hyper-speed punk rock to sludgy dirge-rock, and often including arty experimental bands, such as Mission of Burma, The Stickmen, and Flipper.Like the original punk movement, hardcore was noted for its do-it-yourself approach, although the image differed from the original punk styles. Hardcore bands brought a T-shirt, jeans, and crewcut look to the genre. Fans of the original punk movement have been known to reject hardcore punk.Early supportOne of the most influential radio shows was Rodney on the ROQ on the Los Angeles commercial station KROQ. DJ Rodney Bingenheimer played many styles of music, and helped popularize what was, circa 1979–80, called Beach Punk — a rowdy suburban style played by mostly teenage bands in and around Huntington Beach, and in heavily conservative Orange County.According to an interview with Bob Sallese in George Hurchalla's book Going Underground: American Punk, 1979-1992, Bob Sallese and Jism of the band Ism attempted to bring hardcore punk into the mainstream in early-1980s New York City. Bob Sallese and Jism released the compilation The Big Apple Rotten to the Core, which featured local punk and hardcore bands. According to Sallese, the album garnered nationwide airplay, and Ism gained notoriety on college and alternative commercial radio. As a result, WLIR (New York's commercial-alternative music station) began adding some hardcore to its playlists and began a late-night hardcore show hosted by Ben Manilla.College radio was, however, the main outlet for hardcore punk in most of North America.The San Francisco-area public radio station KPFA featured the Maximum Rock ’n’ Roll radio show with DJs Tim Yohannon and Jeff Bale, who played the younger Northern California bands. A wave of zines helped spread the new punk style, including Guillotine, Ripper, Flipside. In late 1981, Yohannon and Bale’s Maximum RocknRoll zine, modeled on Tim Tonooka's Ripper,, had a national circulation and featured scene reports from around the country. A strong infrastructure of independent labels, linked with radio outlets and zines helped to create a nationwide subculture.Negative publicityThe hardcore scene became associated with violence because there is an aggressive element to the music, which was a major appeal for many fans. Hardcore concerts increasingly became sites of violent battles between police and concertgoers. Many concert venues were trashed on both coasts of the United States, despite frantic pleas from zine writers. Henry Rollins argued that in his experience, the police caused far more problems than they solved at punk performances.The reputed violence at punk concerts was featured in episodes of the popular television shows CHiPs [2] and Quincy, M.E., in which Los Angeles hardcore punks were depicted as being involved in murder and mayhem.
Oi
Oi! is a sub-genre of punk rock originating in the United Kingdom that sought to align punk with a working-class street-level following.The Oi! genre began in the latter part of the 1970s, fusing the styles of early punk bands such as The Clash and the Ramones; early British rock (i.e. the Rolling Stones, The Who); football chants; pub rock (i.e.101ers, Eddie and the Hot Rods); and glam rock bands (i.e. Slade, Sweet). The music was seen as promoting unity between punks, skinheads and other working class youths (sometimes called herberts).The first Oi! bands included Sham 69, Cock Sparrer, the Cockney Rejects, Angelic Upstarts, and The Exploited, although some of them were around for years before the word Oi! was used to describe their style of music. They were followed by bands such as The Business, The Last Resort, The 4-Skins, Combat 84, Condemned 84, Infa-Riot, The Blood,and The Oppressed. Originally the style was called streetpunk or reality punk. It wasn't until the early 1980s that music journalist Garry Bushell labeled the movement Oi!, supposedly derived from the Cockney Rejects song Oi! Oi! Oi!.The general ideology of the original Oi! movement was a rough sort of quasi-socialist working class populism. Lyrical topics included unemployment, workers' rights, police harassment and government oppression. They also covered less-political topics like street violence, football, sex and alcohol. Although Oi! has become to be considered mainly a skinhead-oriented genre, many of the first Oi! bands included punk rockers and people who fit neither the skinhead nor punk label.ControversyBecause some skinheads were recruited by racist organizations such as the National Front, some histories of rock music dismiss Oi! as racist. However, none of the original streetpunk bands promoted racism, and some, such as the Angelic Upstarts, were associated with the left wing and anti-racist campaigns. One exception is Skrewdriver. The band's early material is often considered Oi!, but by the mid-1980s Skrewdriver was leading a neo-Nazi rock scene, distancing itself from Oi! and preferring the term Rock Against Communism. Apart from Ian Stuart Donaldson, the band had a different lineup than in the late 1970s, and members of the first incarnation of Skrewdriver have stated they do not wish to be associated with Donaldson's racist views.The mainstream media associated Oi! with far right politics following a concert by The Business, The Last Resort and The 4-Skins on July 4, 1981 at the Hamborough Tavern in Southall. Asian youths firebombed the tavern, believing the concert was a neo-Nazi gathering.In the aftermath, many Oi! bands condemned racism and fascism, but these denials were met with cynicism from some quarters following the release of the Strength Thru Oi compilation album. Not only was its title a play on a Nazi slogan (Strength Through Joy) but the cover featured Nicky Crane, a British Movement activist who was serving a four-year sentence for racist violence. Garry Bushell, who was responsible for compiling the album, claimed its title was a pun on The Skids album Strength Through Joy. He also denied knowing the identity of the skinhead on the album's cover until it was exposed by the Daily Mail two months later. Bushell, who was a socialist at the time, noted the irony of being branded a far-right activist by a paper who "had once supported Oswald Mosley's Blackshirts, Mussolini's invasion of Abyssinia, and appeasement with Hitler right up to the outbreak of World War Two."Later developmentThe Oi! movement soon began to lose momentum in the UK, but Oi! scenes were forming in continental Europe, Japan, and North America. In the United States, the Oi! phenomenon was mirrored by the Hardcore explosion of the early 1980s, especially by bands such as Agnostic Front, Iron Cross,and S.S. Decontrol. Although similar in spirit and influence to Oi! (particularly in the earlier stages), Hardcore expounded itself in an American middle class (rather than working class) fashion as its influences spread. In the mid-1990s, a revival of interest in Oi! music began, with new bands emerging and older bands receiving more recognition. With this revival came a further concerted effort to distance Oi! from racism.More recent Oi! bands include The Templars, Oxblood, Wretched Ones, Pist 'n' Broke, Those Unknown, Nuts and Bolts, The Bruisers, Discipline, Retaliator, The Lager Lads, Oxymoron, The Anti-Heros, Hard Skin, Lucky Scars, Fear City and Critical Stage.
anarcho-punk
Anarcho-punk is a part of the punk movement consisting of groups, bands and individuals promoting specifically anarchist ideas. Not all punks identify with anarchism. However, anarchism plays a significant role in punk. Also, punk has had a significant influence on the expression of contemporary anarchism. Some exemplary bands of the genre include Crass, Conflict and Subhumans. More modern influences can often be found in crust Beliefs and originsA surge of popular interest in anarchism occurred during the 1970s in the UK following the birth of punk rock, in particular the situationist-influenced graphics of Sex Pistols artist Jamie Reid, and that band's first single, Anarchy in the UK. However, while the early punk scene appropriated anarchist imagery mainly for its shock value, the band Crass expounded serious anarchist and pacifist ideas, and went on to become a notable influence within various late-twentieth century protest movements.Many anarcho-punks are supporters of issues such as animal rights, feminism, the anti-war movement, the anti-globalization movement, and many other social movements. Though Crass espoused pacifism as a belief, this is not necessarily the case for all anarcho-punks. Though some anarcho-punks are pacifists and most are in favor of direct action, others consider "violent" action appropriate and sometimes necessary within context. Many favour a diversity of tactics. While there is certainly no leadership, it is difficult to imagine anarcho-punk existing without the influence of Crass, although Crass founder Penny Rimbaud has stated that it is a label he dislikes. He feels that the anarcho-punks were actually representative of true punk, while the Sex Pistols, The Clash, The Damned etc. were nothing more than 'music business puppets'.Many anarcho-punk bands, as well as crust punk bands, especially at the local level of unsigned groups, have taken on what is known as a DIY ethic: that is, Do It Yourself; indeed, a popular Anarcho-punk slogan reads "DIY not EMI", a reference to a conscious rejection of the major record company of that name. Many anarcho-punk bands were showcased on the Bullshit Detector series of LPs released by Crass Records and Resistance Productions Records between 1980 and 1994. There is an argument that despite promoting an anti-capitalist ideology, these were commodities sold in the market place and thus were inherently contradictory. It is however difficult to see how such groups could otherwise make their music and ideas available, although some anarcho-punk performers were also a part of the Cassette Culture scene. In this way an attempt was made to bypass the traditional recording and distribution routes, with material often being made available in exchange for "a blank tape plus self-addressed envelope". The anarcho-punk movement also had its own network of fanzines (sometimes called punk-zines) which disseminated news, ideas and artwork from the scene. Again, these were usually very much 'DIY' affairs, tending to be produced in runs of hundreds (at most) rather than thousands (although there were exceptions, such as Toxic Graffiti), printed on photocopiers or duplicator machines, and distributed by hand at punk shows. Identity politicsAnarcho-punk has been highlighted as one of the social phenomena which took anarchism in the direction of 'identity politics' (or 'lifestylism'). Some argue that style became an essential ingredient of the movement, sometimes obscuring other factors, although others would reply that the performers who aligned themselves with anarcho-punk in fact embraced a wide diversity of approaches in both format and ideas. This would appear to be borne out by the range of artists and performers listed on the anarcho-punk bands page. As well, it is often argued that the fashion was simply representative of the ethics associated with anarchism, such as anti-corporate, do-it-yourself beliefs.
I'd like to meet:
Punk Rock Time Line
1964
Newly formed bands
Motor City Five (MC5)
1965
Newly formed bands
Velvet Underground
1967
Newly formed bands
The Stooges
Albums The Velvet Underground - The Velvet Underground and Nico
1968
Albums The Velvet Underground - White Light/White Heat
Events MC5 plays at Democratic National Convention in Chicago
1969
Newly formed bands
Albums MC5 - Kick Out the Jams
The Stooges - The Stooges
The Velvet Underground - The Velvet Underground
1970
Newly formed bands
Albums MC5 - Back in the USA
The Stooges - Fun House
1971
Newly formed bands
New York Dolls
Suicide
Albums MC5 - High Time
Events Writer Dave Marsh uses the word "punk-rock" to describe the music of ? and the Mysterians
1972 Newly formed bands
Electric Eels
The Saints
The Strand (later became the Sex Pistols)
Albums Disbandments
MC5
Events Original New York Dolls drummer Billy Murcia dies of alcohol poisoning while the band is touring London and is replaced with Jerry Nolan.
1973
Newly formed bands
Television
Devo
Albums New York Dolls - New York Dolls
The Stooges - Raw Power
Neon Boys - Neon Boys 7"
1974
Newly formed bands
Blondie
The Dictators
Rocket From The Tombs
The Ramones
The Stranglers
Talking Heads
Radio Birdman
The 101ers ( Joe Strummer's First Band )
Albums New York Dolls - Too Much Too Soon
Disbandments
The Stooges
Events Television start performing at the CBGB club in New York's Greenwich Village
1975 Newly formed bands
The Adicts
The Boomtown Rats
The Heartbreakers
Pere Ubu
The Sex Pistols
The Undertones
Albums Dictators - Go Girl Crazy!
Patti Smith - Horses
Disbandments
New York Dolls
Rocket From The Tombs
Events Television records a demo tape for Island Records with Brian Eno, but the label decides not to sign the band. Richard Hell leaves the band after recording the tape to form The Heartbreakers with former New York Dolls guitarist Johnny Thunders.
The Sex Pistols play their first gig at St. Martin's College in November, opening for Bazooka Joe - whose lead singer Stuart Goddard soon changes his name to Adam Ant and forms his own punk band Adam and the Ants.
1976
Newly formed bands
The Adverts
The art attacks
The Buzzcocks
The Clash
The Cramps
The Damned
Eater
Dead Boys
The Flowers of Romance
Generation X
The Jam
London
Masters of the Backside
Metal Urbain
Penetration
Richard Hell and the Voidoids
Sham 69
Siouxsie and the Banshees
The Slits
Subway Sect
UK Subs
The Vibrators
Wire
X-Ray Spex
Albums Blondie - Blondie
The Ramones - The Ramones
Modern Lovers - Modern Lovers (recorded 1971, released 1976)
Patti Smith Group - Radio Ethiopia
Events The Ramones make their first non-US appearance supporting the Flamin' Groovies at The Roundhouse, London, July 4, often pointed to as a galvanizing event for the UK punk scene.
Malcolm McLaren organizes a two day punk festival on Sunday, September 20th and Monday, September 21st at the 100 Club on Oxford Street in London. The Sunday performers were: Subway Sect, Siouxsie and the Banshees, The Clash, and the Sex Pistols. The Monday line-up consisted of the Stinky Toys, Chris Spedding and the Vibrators, The Damned, and the Buzzcocks.
Sniffin' Glue, Mark Perry's punk fanzine is first published, shortly after The Ramones' Roundhouse appearance. Perry would soon form the band Alternative TV. The Damned, The Saints and the Sex Pistols release their first singles: "New Rose", "(I'm) Stranded" and "Anarchy in the U.K." respectively.
The Sex Pistols, The Damned, and The Clash begin the Anarchy Tour in November. Most of the previously booked gigs refuse to let the bands play however.
On December 1st, the Sex Pistols and several members of the Bromley Contingent (including Siouxsie and the Banshees singer Siouxsie Sioux and bassist Steve Severin) appear live on ITV to be interviewed by television host William Grundy. The band unleashes a torrent of curse words. The following day the Daily Mirror runs the now infamous headline - "THE FILTH AND THE FURY!".
1977
Newly formed bands
The Misfits
Alternative TV
Angelic Upstarts
Big in Japan
Black Flag
Crass
Desperate Bicycles
The Fall
The Germs
Ebba Grön
Nina Hagen Band
The Nipple Erectors
The Members
Rezillos
The Skids
Stiff Little Fingers
Warsaw (later to become Joy Division)
X (Australia)
X (United States)
Albums Blondie - Plastic Letters
The Boomtown Rats - The Boomtown Rats
The Boys - The Boys
Buzzcocks - Spiral Scratch (EP)
The Clash - The Clash UK release
The Damned - Damned, Damned, Damned
The Damned - Music for Pleasure
Dead Boys - Young, Loud and Snotty
Dictators - Manifest Destiny
The Heartbreakers - L.A.M.F.
Richard Hell and the Voidoids - Blank Generation
The Jam - In the City
The Jam - This is the Modern World
The Ramones - Leave Home
The Ramones - Rocket to Russia
Iggy Pop - The Idiot
Iggy Pop - Lust for Life
Radiators From Space - TV Tube Heart
The Saints - (I'm) Stranded
Sex Pistols - Never Mind the Bollocks, Here's the Sex Pistols
The Stranglers - Rattus Norvegicus
The Stranglers - No More Heroes
The Stranglers - The Stranglers (EP)
Talking Heads - Talking Heads: 77
Television - Marquee Moon
Throbbing Gristle - The Second Annual Report
Warsaw Pakt - Needle Time!
Wire - Pink Flag
Disbandments
The Heartbreakers
London Events The Roxy club opens on January 1st, 1977 in London by club owner Andrew Czezowski. The opening night the Clash play. The club is solely a venue for punk acts.
Sex Pistols bassist is Glen Matlock is fired from the Sex Pistols and is replaced with Sid Vicious. Matlock forms The Rich Kids.
The Stranglers embark on a three month nationwide tour in May. They are supported by the four piece band London. The Sex Pistols' single God Save the Queen is released on May 27, 1977 and reaches number #2 on the British charts. It is banned by the BBC's Radio 1 and the title is left blank in the chart listings.
In June, the Sex Pistols rent a boat to take them down the Thames during Queen Elizabeth II's Silver Jubilee anniversary celebration. The police force the boat to dock and several Pistols fans are arrested and injured in the meleé. Among those arrested are Pistols manager Malcolm McLaren, Vivienne Westwood, and Bromley Contingent members Tracie O'Keefe and Debbie Juvenile.
The Roxy club deejay Don Letts begins filming The Punk Rock Movie, taking video footage of the London punk scene and editing it into a documentary.
On October 28th the Sex Pistols' album Never Mind the Bollocks, Here's the Sex Pistols is released by Virgin Records and despite being banned by most of Britain's record shops, reaches 35 on the British charts.
1978
Newly formed bands
The Angry Samoans
The B-52's
Bad Brains
Dead Kennedys
Descendents
D.O.A.
Hüsker Dü
Optics
Peter and the Test Tube Babies
The Plasmatics
Public Image Ltd (PiL)
Vice Squad
Albums Adam and the Ants - Dirk Wears White Sox
The Adverts - Crossing The Red Sea With The Adverts
Alternative TV - The Image Has Cracked
Alternative TV - Vibing Up the Senile Man
The Avengers - Avengers (EP)
Big in Japan - From Y to Z and Never Again (EP)
Blondie - Parallel Lines
The B-52's - The B-52's
The Boomtown Rats - A Tonic For The Troops
Buzzcocks - Another Music in a Different Kitchen
Cherry Vanilla - Bad Girl
The Clash - Give 'Em Enough Rope
The Cortinas - True Romances
Wayne County and the Electric Chairs - Wayne County and the Electric Chairs
Crass - The Feeding of the Five Thousand
Dead Boys - We Have Come For Your Children
Desperate Bicycles - New Cross New Cross (EP)
Dictators - Bloodbrothers
Eater - Get Your Yo Yos Out (EP)
Generation X - Generation X
The Jolt - The Jolt
London - Animal Games
The Lurkers - Fulham Fallout
Johnny Moped - Cycledelic
Penetration - Moving Targets
Pere Ubu - The Modern Dance
Public Image Ltd - Public Image
The Ramones - Road to Ruin
The Rezillos - Can't Stand the Rezillos
The Rich Kids - Ghosts Of Princes In Towers
The Saints - Eternally Yours
Sham 69 - Tell Us the Truth
Sham 69 - That's Life
Siouxsie and the Banshees - The Scream
Slaughter and the Dogs - Do It Dog Style
The Stranglers- "Black and White"
Talking Heads - More Songs about Buildings and Food
Television - Adventure
Television Personalities - Where's Bill Grundy Now? (EP)
Throbbing Gristle - D.o.A. The Third And Final Report
The Vibrators - "Pure Mania"
Wire - Chairs Missing
Wreckless Eric - Wreckess Eric
Wreckless Eric - The Wonderful World of Wreckless Eric
X-Ray Spex - Germ Free Adolescents
Disbandments
Dead Boys
Sex Pistols
Television
Events SST Records is formed when Black Flag guitarist/founder Greg Ginn needs an outlet to release his band's music. The Sex Pistols' disastrous US tour ends on January 14 after Johnny Rotten walks off stage at their Winterland concert in San Francisco, famously uttering "Ever get the feeling you've been cheated?"
Sex Pistols' bassist Sid Vicious is charged with murder in connection with the stabbing death of his girlfriend Nancy Spungen who was found dead on the morning of October 12th, 1978 at New York's Chelsea Hotel.
Rough Trade Records, a music store opened in 1976 in London begins working as a record label and signs almost exclusively punk inspired bands.
Film director Derek Jarman releases the cult punk-themed film Jubilee, featuring Adam Ant, Toyah Willcox, Siouxsie and the Banshees, and Malcolm McLaren protegé and early punk fashionista, Jordan.
Blondie finally achieve worldwide success with their third album, Parallel lines, mixing together the style of 60's vocal pop and garage and the energy of new punk rock movement. Debbie Harry becomes a new icon for the younger generations.
1979
Newly formed bands
Cockney Rejects
MDC
The Big Boys
The Rebels
The Replacements
The Teen Idles
TSOL
Social Distortion
Albums The Adverts - Cast of Thousands
Blondie - Eat to the Beat
Buzzcocks - Singles Going Steady
Chelsea - Chelsea
Cherry Vanilla - Venus D Vinyl
The Clash - London Calling
Wayne County and the Electric Chairs - Storm the Gates of Heaven
Wayne County and the Electric Chairs - Things Your Mother Never Told You
Crass - Stations of the Crass
The Damned - Machine Gun Etiquette
Descendents - Ride the Wild/It's a Hectic World
The Dickies - The Incredible Shrinking Dickies
The Dickies - Dawn of the Dickies
The Germs - (GI)
The Members - At The Chelsea Nightclub
Joy Division - Unknown Pleasures
Nina Hagen Band - Nina Hagen Band
The Outcasts - Self Conscious Over You
Public Image Ltd - Metal Box
The Ramones - It's Alive (live album)
Sham 69 - The Adventures of Hersham Boys
Siouxsie and the Banshees - Join Hands
The Slits - Cut
Stiff Little Fingers - Inflammable Material
Swell Maps - A Trip to Marineville
Talking Heads - Fear of Music
The Undertones - The Undertones
The Vibrators - "V2"
The Weirdos - Who? What? When? Where? Why? (EP)
Wire - 154
Wreckless Eric - The Whole Wide World
Disbandments
The Adverts
Penetration
X-Ray Spex
Events
Sex Pistols bassist Sid Vicious dies of a heroin overdose at the age of 21.
1980
Newly formed bands
The Adolescents
Bad Religion
Circle Jerks
Ism
Minutemen
7 Seconds Terveet Kädet
Minor Threat
Albums Angry Samoans - Inside My Brain (EP)
Anti-Pasti - Four Sore Points (EP)
Blondie - Autoamerican
Circle Jerks - Group Sex
The Clash - Sandinista! (triple album)
The Damned - The Black Album
Dead Kennedys - Fresh Fruit for Rotting Vegetables
Discharge - Realities of War (EP)
Discharge - Fight Back (EP)
Discharge - Decontrol (EP)
Jayne County - Rock & Roll Resurrection-Live!
Joy Division - Closer
Nina Hagen Band - Unbehagen
The Nipple Erectors - Only the End of the Beginning
The Nuns - The Nuns
Peter and the Test Tube Babies - Pissed & Proud
Plasmatics - New Hope for the Wretched
The Ramones - End Of The Century
Snatch - Snatch (EP)
Stiff Little Fingers - Nobody's Heroes
Talking Heads - Remain in Light
The Teen Idles - Minor Disturbance (EP)
Toyah - Sheep Farming In Barnet
The Undertones - Hypnotised
Vice Squad - Last Rockers (EP)
The Weirdos - Action Design {EP}
X - Los Angeles
Disbandments
Joy Division
The Teen Idles
The Germs
Events Joy Division lead singer Ian Curtis commits suicide on May 18, 1980 at the age of 23.
The rest of the band go on to become New Order The Germs lead singer Darby Crash commits suicide on December 7, 1980 at the age of 22.
KROQ establishes the Top 106.7 Countdowns. The Clash and Dead Kennedys both reached on it on the same year. Documentary film-maker Penelope Spheeris captures the Los Angeles punk scene in the cult hit The Decline of Western Civilization. The documentary features interviews performances by Southern California punk bands Alice Bag Band, Black Flag, Catholic Discipline, Circle Jerks, Fear, The Germs, and X.
The semi-documentary Rude Boy is released. The film stars Ray Gange as a roadie for the Clash and splices in live performances by the band.
1981
Newly formed bands
JFA
Crimpshrine (under previous name, "S.A.G.")
Albums The Adolescents - The Adolescents
Agent Orange - Living in Darkness
Anti-Pasti - The Last Call ...
Bad Religion - Bad Religion (EP)
Black Flag - Damaged
Crass - Penis Envy (EP)
Dead Boys - Night Of The Living Dead Boys (Live)
Dead Kennedys - In God We Trust Inc. (EP)
Descendents - Fat (EP)
Dictators - Fuck 'Em If They Can't Take a Joke
Discharge - Never Again (EP)
The Exploited - Punks Not Dead
The Exploited - On Stage
Flux of Pink Indians - Neu Smell (EP)
Minutemen - The Punch Line
Plasmatics - Beyond the Valley of 1984
Ramones - Pleasant Dreams
The Replacements - Sorry Ma, Forgot to Take Out the Trash
7 Seconds - Socially Fucked Up (tape)
7 Seconds - 3 Chord Politics (tape)
TSOL - T.S.O.L. (EP)
TSOL - Dance With Me
The Undertones - Positive Touch
Vice Squad - Resurrection (EP)
Vice Squad - No Cause for Concern (EP)
Vice Squad - Live in Sheffield (Tape)
X - Wild Gift
Disbandments
The Weirdos
Throbbing Gristle
Events Henry Rollins becomes lead singer of Black Flag.
1982
Newly formed bands
Agnostic Front
Suicidal Tendencies
The Vandals
Albums Angry Samoans - Back from Samoa
The Anti-Nowhere League - Anti-Nowhere League
Bad Brains - Bad Brains
Bad Religion - How Could Hell Be Any Worse? (full-length debut)
Black Flag - Everything Went Black
Circle Jerks - Wild in the Streets
The Clash - Combat Rock
Crass - Christ The Album
The Damned - Strawberries
Dead Kennedys - Plastic Surgery Disasters
Descendents - Milo Goes to College
Discharge - Hear Nothing, See Nothing, Say Nothing
The Exploited - Troops of Tomorrow
Fear - The Record
Flipper - Generic Flipper
Flux of Pink Indians - Strive to Survive Causing the Least Suffering Possible
MDC - Millions of Dead Cops
The Replacements - Stink (EP)
Subhumans - The Day the Country Died
Vice Squad - Stand Strong Stand Proud
X - Under the Big Black Sun
Disbandments
Events 18 December- Members of Crass, The Mob, The Apostles and others squat the Zig Zag Club in west London and put on a free all day event featuring a number of anarcho-punk bands.
1983 Newly formed bands
Samhain
Dead Milkmen
Albums Agnostic Front - United Blood
Anti-Pasti - Caution in the Wind
Bad Brains - Rock for Light
Bad Religion - Into the Unknown
Circle Jerks - Golden Shower of Hits
Crass - Yes Sir, I Will
Die Toten Hosen - Opel-Gang
The Exploited - Let's Start a War ... Said Maggie One Day
Ism - A Diet For The Worms
MDC - Multi-Death Corporations
Minor Threat - Out of Step
Minutemen - What Makes a Man Start Fires?
Newtown Neurotics - Beggars Can Be Choosers
Peter and the Test Tube Babies - The Mating Sounds Of South American Frogs
The Ramones - Subterranean Jungle
Social Distortion - Mommy's Little Monster
Subhumans - Time Flies ... but Aeroplanes Crash
Suicidal Tendencies - Suicidal Tendencies
Violent Femmes - Violent Femmes
X (US band) - More Fun in the New World
Disbandments
The Jam
Minor Threat
The Misfits
The Undertones
Events Mick Jones is kicked out of The Clash
1984 Newly formed bands
Lunchmeat (Soulside) NOFX Sick of it All
The Offspring
The Unknowns
Vennaskond
Albums Agnostic Front - Victim in Pain
Anti-Pasti - Anti-Pasti
Bad Religion - Back to the Known
Black Flag - Family Man
Black Flag - My War
Black Flag - Live In '84
Black Flag - Slip It In
D.I. - Team Goon
Flipper - Blow'n Chunks
Flipper - Gone Fishin'
Flux of Pink Indians - The Fucking Cunts Treat Us Like Pricks
Hüsker Dü - Zen Arcade
MDC - Chicken Squawk (EP)
Minutemen - Double Nickels On The Dime
New Model Army - Vengeance
Talking Heads" - Stop Making Sense (live concert film and album, rereleased in 1999)
The Ramones - Too Tough to Die
The Replacements - Let It Be
7 Seconds - The Crew
Subhumans - From the Cradle to the Grave
Disbandments Bad Religion
Crass
The Members
Events 1985
Newly formed bandsAlbums Black Flag - Loose Nut
Black Flag - In My Head
The Clash - Cut The Crap
Crucifucks - The Crucifucks
D.I. - Ancient Artifacts
D.I. - Horse Bites Dog Cries
Dead Kennedys - Frankenchrist
Dead Milkmen - Big Lizard in my Back Yard
Descendents - I Don't Want to Grow Up
Descendents - Bonus Fat
Die Toten Hosen - Unter Falscher Flagge
The Exploited - Horror Epics
The Exploited - Live at the White House
Hüsker Dü - Flip Your Wig
Hüsker Dü - New Day Rising
Lunchmeat/Mission Impossible - split 7"
Peter and the Test Tube Babies - The Loud Blaring Punk Rock Album
7 Seconds - Walk Together, Rock Together
Subhumans - Worlds Apart
X - Ain't Love Grand!
Disbandments Minutemen
Events D. Boon of Minutemen dies is a car accident
1986
Newly formed bands Felis Ultramarinus
fIREHOSE
Propagandhi
Soulside
Albums Agnostic Front - Cause for Alarm
Bad Brains - I Against I
Big Black - Atomizer
Dead Kennedys - Bedtime for Democracy
Dead Milkmen - Eat Your Paisley
Descendents - Enjoy!
Die Toten Hosen - Damenwahl
Discharge - Grave New World
The Exploited - Totally Exploited
The Exploited - Jesus Is Dead (EP)
Gang Green - Drunk and Disorderly, Boston MA (EP)
Gang Green - Another Wasted Night
Hüsker Dü - Candy Apple Grey
The Ramones - Animal Boy
7 Seconds - New Wind
Subhumans - EP-LP
Disbandments Black Flag
The Clash
Events I like the site...
Music:
Protopunk Bands-(1964-1974)
* Doctors of Madness
* ? & the Mysterians
* 13th Floor Elevators
* Big Star
* Blue Cheer
* Dr. Feelgood
* The Electric Eels
* Frank Zappa & the Mothers of Invention
* Graham Parker & the Rumour
* Hawkwind
* John's Children
* Love
* MC5
* Mirrors
* Mott the Hoople
* Neon Boys
* Neu!
* New York Dolls
* Radio Birdman
* Rocket From The Tombs
* Steve Harley and Cockney Rebel
* Suicide
* T. Rex
* The Dictators
* The Edgar Broughton Band
* The Flamin' Groovies
* The Fugs
* The Godz
* The Kinks
* The Modern Lovers
* The Monks
* The Pink Fairies
* The Residents
* The Seeds
* The Sonics
* The Standells
* The Stooges
* The Troggs
* The Velvet Underground
* The Who
* Third World War
Early punk rock musicians-(1970s-1980)
0-9*999
A * Acme Sewage Company
* Abrasive Wheels
* The Adicts
* The Adverts
* Alternative TV
* Amazorblades
* Angelic Upstarts
* Anti-Nowhere League
* Anti-Pasti
* The Angry Samoans
* The Au Pairs
* The Avengers
B * Bad Brains
* Bad Religion
* The Bags
* Big Balls and the Great White Idiot
* Big in Japan
* Black Flag
* Blondie
* Boomtown Rats
* The Boys
* Buzzcocks
C * Chelsea
* Circle Jerks
* The Clash
* Cockney Rejects
* Cock Sparrer
* The Cramps
* Crass
D * The Damned
* The Dead Boys
* Dead Kennedys
* The Dead Milkmen
* Desperate Bicycles
* The Dickies
* The Dils
* The Diodes
* D.O.A.
E-F * The East Coast Angels
* Ebba Grön
* The Exploited
* Fatal Microbes
* Fear
* Flipper
* The Flowers of Romance
* Flux of Pink Indians
* Forgotten Rebels
* Fuss
G-H * Gang Green
* Generation X
* The Germs
* GG Allin
* The Heartbreakers
* Hüsker Dü
I-J * Iggy Pop
* The Jabbers
* The Jam
* The Jerks
* Johnny Moped
Horror punk
Horror punk (or horror rock) is a music genre that has origins in the early works of the band The Misfits, blending horror movie themes with early punk rock and varying amounts of doo-wop.Bands tell tales through their lyrics, which are often influenced by horror movies, particularly those with werewolves, vampires and zombies. Some bands incorporate influences from heavy metal and gothic rock, and prefer the label horror rock. Other bands show heavy influences from Hardcore punk, and are often described as horror hardcore. Examples of horrorpunk bands: Misfits, Samhain (both bands created by Glenn Danzig), The Undead with ex-Misfits guitarist Bobby Steele, and the band Mourning Noise with Steve Zing on drums.The genre has a thriving underground following, with websites and festivals. In the 2000s, the genre has seen some mainstream success, with the bands Murderdolls, AFI, and Wednesday 13.Horror punk fashion
Movies:
Post-punk
Post-punk was a musical movement beginning at the end of the 1970s, following on the heels of the initial punk rock "explosion" of the mid 1970s. For the more recent "post-punk" movement in rock music, see post-punk revival.HistoryDuring the first wave of punk, roughly spanning 1974–1978, bands such as the Sex Pistols, The Clash, The Ramones, and The Damned began to challenge the current styles and conventions of rock music by stripping the musical structure down to a few basic chords and progressions with an emphasis on speed and attitude. Yet as punk itself soon came to have a signature sound a few bands began to experiment with more challenging musical structures, lyrical themes, and a self-consciously art-based image, while retaining punk's initial iconoclastic stance.Typically more introverted, complex, arty, and experimental than classic punk rock or the more pop-oriented New Wave music,[1] post-punk laid the groundwork for alternative rock by broadening the idea of what punk and underground music could do, incorporating elements of Krautrock, Jamaican dub music, American funk, studio experimentation, and even punk's traditional polar opposite, disco, into the punk rock genre. It found a firm place in the 1980s indie scene, and left behind several major sub-genres, including Shoegaze, Industrial, Post-Hardcore, College Rock, and Madchester. However, post-punk's biggest influence remains in the vast variety of sounds and styles it pioneered, many of which proved very influential in the later alternative rock scene.Classic examples of post-punk outfits include The Fall, Gang of Four, Orange Juice, Joy Division, Echo & the Bunnymen, Ultravox, and Wire. Bands such as Crass and Throbbing Gristle also came within the scope of post-punk, as with several outfits formed in the wake of traditionally punk rock groups: Magazine from Buzzcocks, for instance, or Public Image Ltd. from the Sex Pistols. A list of predecessors to the post-punk genre of music might include Television, whose album Marquee Moon, although released in 1977 (when the punk genre was nearly over), is considered definitively post-punk in style. (However, many would argue that bands such as Television, Talking Heads, and the Voidoids were all core punk, as it was the raw originality and diversity of sound and style that was punk.) Other groups, such as The Clash, remained predominantly punk in nature yet inspired and were inspired by elements in the post-punk movement.Championed by late night BBC disc jockey John Peel and record label/shop Rough Trade (amongst others, including Postcard Records, Factory Records, Axis/4AD, Falling A Records, Industrial Records, Fast Product, and Mute Records), "post-punk" could arguably be said to encompass many diverse groups and musicians. The original post-punk movement took place largely in the United Kingdom, with significant scenes throughout the world, though North American and other non-British bands weren't often recognized worldwide. Some notable exceptions include North Americans Pere Ubu, Suicide, Savage Republic, early Hüsker Dü and Mission of Burma, Australia's The Birthday Party, The Church, and Ireland's U2 and The Virgin Prunes.Around 1977, in North America, the New York led No Wave movement, was also tied in with the emerging eurocentric post-punk movement. With bands and artists such as Teenage Jesus and the Jerks, Glenn Branca, MARS, James Chance and the Contortions, D.N.A., Bush Tetras, Theoretical Girls, and more. The No Wave movement focused more on performance art, than actual coherent musical structure. The Brian Eno produced No New York compilation is considered the quintissential testament to the history of No Wave.The original post-punk movement ended as the bands associated with the movement moved away from its aesthetics, just as post-punk bands had originally left punk rock behind in favor of new sounds. Many post-punk bands, most notably The Cure and Siouxsie & the Banshees, evolved into gothic rock (formerly a style of the larger post-punk movement) and became identified with the goth subculture. Some shifted to a more commercial New Wave sound, while others were fixtures on American college radio and became early examples of alternative rock. Credit for the gradual evolution of post-punk into alternative rock is largely attributed to the band R.E.M..The turn of the 21st century saw a post-punk revival in British and American indie rock, which soon started appearing in many different countries as well. the earliest signs of a post-punk revival took place with the emmergence of various underground bands in the mid-90's. However, the first commercially successfull bands The Rapture, Liars, Interpol, and Franz Ferdinand surfaced in the late 90's to early 00's. These bands made music with recognisable post-punk influences, even accompanied with arty, almost modish fashions copied from original post-punk bands. Modern post-punk is far more commercially successful than in the 1970s and 1980s. The post-punk revival is unique in modern rock trends, in that it has retained a strong following even after similar 80's revival genres such as electroclash have fallen out of style.Origin of the termThe term "post-punk" was used at least as early as 1980. Critic Greil Marcus referred to "Britain's postpunk pop avant-garde" in a July 24, 1980 Rolling Stone article. He applied the phrase to such band as Gang of Four, The Raincoats and Essential Logic, which he wrote were "sparked by a tension, humour, and sense of paradox plainly unique in present-day pop music
fashion
Punks seek to outrage propriety with the highly theatrical use of clothing, hairstyles, cosmetics, jewelry and body modification. Punk clothing adapts existing objects for aesthetic effect: previously ripped clothes are held together by safety pins or wrapped with tape, written on with marker or defaced with paint; a black bin liner might become a dress, shirt or skirt. Leather, rubber and vinyl clothing are also common, possibly due to its implied connection with transgressive sexual practices, such as bondage and S&M. Some punks wear tight "drainpipe" jeans, brothel creeper shoes, T-shirts with risqué images, and possibly leather motorcycle jackets (often painted with band logos and decorated in studs) and Converse sneakers. Some punks style their hair to stand in spikes, cut it into Mohawks or other dramatic shapes, and color it with vibrant, unnatural hues. Punks will use safety pins and razor blades as jewelry. Punks tend to show their love for a band or idea by pin-back buttons or patches, which adorn their jackets. They sometimes flaunt taboo symbols such as the Iron Cross. Early punks sometimes wore the Nazi swastika for shock-value, but most modern punks are staunchly anti-racist, and will more likely wear a crossed-out swastika symbol.
Visual art
Punk aesthetics determine the type of art punks enjoy, usually with underground, minimalistic, iconoclastic and satirical sensibilities. Punk artwork graces album covers, flyers for concerts, and punk zines. Usually straightforward with clear messages, punk art is often concerned with political issues such as social injustice and economic disparity. The use of images of suffering to shock and create feelings of empathy in the viewer is common. Alternatively, punk artwork may contain images of selfishness, stupidity, or apathy to provoke contempt in the viewer. Much of the earlier artwork was in black and white, because it was distributed in zines reproduced at copy shops. Punk art also uses the mass production aesthetic of Andy Warhol's Factory studio. Punk played a hand in the revival of stencil art, spearheaded by Crass. The situationists also influenced the look of punk art, particularity that of the Sex Pistols. Punk art often utilizes collage, exemplified by the art of Crass, Jamie Reid, and Winston Smith. John Holmstrom was a punk cartoonist who created work for the Ramones and Punk Magazine. The Stuckism art movement had its origin in punk, and titled its first major show The Stuckists Punk Victorian at the Walker Art Gallery during the 2004 Liverpool Biennial. Charles Thomson, co-founder of the group, described punk as "a major breakthrough" in his art.The Endless Summer (1966)
If.... (1968)
The Blank Generation (1976)
Taxi Driver (1976)
Jubilee (1977)
Crash 'n' Burn (1977)
The Foreigner (1978)
The Last Pogo (1978)
The Punk Rock Movie (1978) Don Letts (also known as The Punk Rock Movie from England)
Over The Edge (1979)
Rock 'n' Roll High School (1979)
Mad Max (1979)
Breaking Glass (1980)
The Great Rock 'n' Roll Swindle (1980)
Times Square (1980)
D.O.A. (1981)
Downtown 81 (1981)
Ladies and Gentlemen, The Fabulous Stains(1981)
The Decline of Western Civilization (1981)
Urgh! A Music War (1981)
Liquid Sky (1982
Ebba the Movie (1982)
Class of 1984 (1982)
The Atomic Cafe (1982)
Cop Killer (1983)
Valley Girl (1983)
Another State of Mind (1984)
Dudes (1984)
Suburbia (1984)
Repo Man (1984)
Return of the Living Dead (1985)
Sid and Nancy (1986)
Thrashin' (1986)
Rad (film) (1986)
True Stories (1986)
X: The Unheard Music (1986)
Dogs In Space (1987)
Straight to Hell (1987)
Eat The Rich (1987)
Tapeheads (1988)
Roadkill (1989)
Terminal City Ricochet (1990)
1991: The Year Punk Broke (1992)
Romper Stomper (1992)
The Yo-Yo Gang (1992)
Frank's Wild Years (1994)
Hated: GG Allin and the Murder Junkies (1994)
Dika: Murder City (1994)
Youngblood (1995)
Tank Girl (1995)
Hard Core Logo (1996)
Queercore: A Punk-U-Mentary (1996)
Hype! (1996)
Trainspotting (1996)
She's Real, Worse Than Queer (1997)
Outsider (1998)
Vennaskond. Millennium (1998)
SLC Punk! (1999)
The Filth and the Fury (2000)
The Clash: Westway To The World (2000)
Was Tun, Wenn's Brennt? (2001)
Luster (2002) Everett Lewis
24 Hour Party People (2002)
Punk Rock Holocaust (2003)
Rise Above: A Tribe 8 Documentary(2003)
Shooting at the Moon (2003)
Boston Beatdown (2004)
End of the Century: The Story of the Ramones (2004)
Vennaskond. Sügis Ida-Euroopas (2004)
Beyond The Screams: A U.S. Latino Hardcore Punk Documentary(2004)
Punk: Attitude (2005)
Afro-punk (2005)
Wassup Rockers (2005)
Art School Confidential (2006)
Punk's Not Dead (2006)
What We Do Is Secret (2006)
American Hardcore (2006)
There is No Authority But Yourself A documentary about the history of Crass(2006)
The Story of the Clash (2006)
The Ramones and I (2006)
UK Subs: Punk Can Take It (2006)
Books:
Books
100 Nights At The Roxy (1977)
The New Wave Punk Rock Explosion - Caroline Coon(1977)
And God Created Punk' - Mark P and Erica Echenberg (1996)
Blank Generation Revisited - Various (1997)
The Boy Looked At Johnny - Julie Burchill and Tony Parsons (1978)
Sex Pistols: Chaos! - Bob Gruen (1990)
Cranked Up Really High - Stewart Home (1995)
England's Dreaming - John Savage (1991)
Flash, Bang Wallop - Ian Dickson (2000)
From The Velvets To The Voidoids - Clinton Heylin 1993
Images of Punk - Denis O'Regan (1996)
In Session Tonight - Ken Garner (John Peel Radio Show) (1993)
International Discography of The New Wave B. George/ Martha Defoe (1982)
In The Gutter - Val Hennessy (1978) No Irish, No Blacks, No Dogs - Johnny Rotten (1993)
No Mercy - David Buckley (Stranglers) (1997)
Not Another Punk Book - Isabelle Anscombe (1978)
Please Kill Me - Legs McNeil and Gillian McCain (1996)
Punk! - An A-Z - Barry Lazell (1995)
Punk - The Illustrated History Of A Musical Revolution
Adrian Boot/Chris Salewicz (1996)
Punk - Stephane Pietri & Alexis Quinlin
(English & French scene )(1977)
The Punk - Gideon Sams (1977)
Punk - Colegrave and Sullivan (2001)
Punk' Edited by Julie Davis (1977)
Punk Diary - Georges Gimarc (1994)
Punk Rock / Shockwaves - Virginia Boston (1978)
Punk Rock -So What ! - Roger Sabin (1999)
Punk 77 - James Stark (American Punk) (1999)
Rebel Rock - Dennis Morris (Pistols On Tour) (1985)
Regeneration - Ray Stevenson (Chelsea & Generation X) (1986)
Search And Destroy reprints Vols 1-6 and 7-11
Sex Pistols Day By Day - Lee Wood (1998)
Sex Pistols File - Ray Stevenson (1978)
Sex Pistols - Inside Story - The Vermorels (1978)
Sid Vicious Family Album (1980)
Signed, Sealed & Delivered (women in pop) Sue Steward & Sheryll Garrett (1984) Sniffin Glue'.. 'The Bible - Edited By Michael Dempsey (1978)
Sniffin Glue - The Essential Punk Accessory'. (2000)
The Stranglers Song By Song - Cornwell & Jim Drury (2001)
Subculture - The Meaning Of Style - Dick Hebdige (1979)
Vacant': Diary Of The Punk Years - Nils & Ray Stevenson (1999)
Heroes:
All Information Credit Goes to.Wikipedia.com and punk77.com without them this site would not be possible if you.
