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NEURONS AND NEURO-TRANSMITTERS Medical animation of nerve synapse from www.medflix.com 3D animation of a neuron and an action potential. Ion channels in the soma open and allow an increase in the intracellular voltage. Once the voltage reaches a threshold, an action potential is generated, which travels the length of the axon and passes into the terminals. The voltage in the terminals stimulate the release of neurotransmitters which cross the synapse, opening ion channels in dendrites of the post-synaptic neuron and increasing the voltage of the second neuron. By Stephen Hicks, 2006. www.metope.orgA short presentation about how the action potential is propagating in the brain cells. An explanation of how the membrane potential is generated and maintained using the sodium/potassium ATPase and potassium leak channels.object width="425" height="373" .. Sodium Potassium Pump.

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Neuronal migration, which occurs as early as the second month of gestation, is controlled by a complex assortment of chemical guides and signals. When these signals are absent or incorrect, neurons do not end up where they belong. This can result in structurally abnormal or missing areas of the brain in the cerebral hemispheres, cerebellum, brainstem, or hippocampus. Research focused upon the Lis1, Reelin, Dab1, and DCX genetic pathways and the cytoskeletal basis of neuronal migration. Mutations of these genes cause impairments of neuronal migration, positioning and connectivity that often produce seizures, epilepsy and premature death in affected individuals. The following movies were taken in Gary D. Clark's Lab in the Cain Foundation Laboratories. BELOW ARE FOUR TIME LAPSE MOVIES OF IN VITRO NEURONAL MIGRATION................................First two time-lapse movies of neuronal growth cone pathfinding. Third image is a time-lapse movie of two neuronal growth cones making contact. Fourth image is a time-lapse movie of growth cone path finding and neuronal migration.Vesicular Trafficking Below. Two timelapse movies of a COS7 cell transfected with DsRed-Doublecortin and GFP-Mannose phosphate receptor showing intra cellular vesicular movement along microtubules.

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Nanobots replacing neurons. Nanorobot at work replacing human nerve cells with artificial nerve cells. This CG animation visualizes one of the possible future applications and uses of nano- technology.From Lawrence Berkeley National Labs to Silicon Valley, researchers are manipulating particles at the atomic level, ushering in potential cures for cancer, clothes that don't stain, and solar panel...

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NEURAL PLASTICITY

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