Welles was born in 1915 in Kenosha, Wisconsin. He had an unusual childhood, being something of a prodigy. His mother died when he was nine, and his father, Richard Head Welles, died a few years later, partly as a result of alcoholism.Welles performed and staged his first theatrical productions while attending the Todd School for Boys in Woodstock, Illinois and was brought under the guidance of the principal, Roger Hill, who became a surrogate father to Welles. While there he was also tutored by Dorothy Hartshorne, a singer and wife of late theologian-philosopher Charles Hartshorne. He made his stage debut at the famous Gate Theatre in Dublin, Ireland in 1931 when he talked himself onto the stage and appeared in small supporting roles, and by 1934 was a radio director/actor in the United States, working with some of the cast that later became the Mercury Theatre. In that year, he married the actress and socialite Virginia Nicholson; Welles also co-directed and starred in a short silent film, unintended for commercial release, titled The Hearts of Age, which also featured Nicholson.[edit]
Renown in Theater and Radio
In 1936, the Federal Theatre Projects began putting theatre performers and employees to work with projects that were intended for the masses. Welles came to their attention, and at the age of only 21, he was assigned to direct a project in Harlem with a group of African-American performers and stagehands. At the suggestion of his wife, he decided to produce Macbeth but set it in Haiti, in the court of King Henri Christophe. While the play attracted its share of critics and detractors during pre-production, the show opened to rave reviews and sold out box offices.
Orson Welles in March 1937After the success of Macbeth, Welles began producing and directing other shows, such as Dr. Faustus and a satire, Horse Eats Hat. In 1937, Welles was producing the pro-labor show, The Cradle Will Rock, when the Federal Theatre Project, aware of its subject matter, closed the Maxine Elliott Theatre on the day of its first dress rehearsal. In a move that would become legendary, Welles and his producing partner, John Houseman, decided to wait till almost curtain time to announce to the ticket holders standing outside the Maxine Elliott Theatre that the show was moving to another theater. The cast, crew and audience then proceeded to march to The Venice, about twenty blocks away. The show began, with its writer, Marc Blitzstein, introducing the show and playing the accompanying piano on stage. Since the unions wouldn't permit the actors or musicians to perform the show (on the stage), the musicians and actors performed the show from the audience seats. The show was a hit.With his theater success, Welles and Houseman decided to form their own theater company, the Mercury Theatre. Their first show was a production of Shakespeare's Julius Caesar. With fascism sweeping through Europe, Welles imagined the main characters in Nazi-type uniforms, with Nuremburg-type lights and a fascist theme to the settings. Not only was the play an enormous success, but some theater critics have said that it was among the best performances of Shakespeare in American theater history.While setting Broadway on fire, Welles was very active in radio as well, first as an actor and soon as a director/producer. He began playing The Shadow in late 1937, and in the summer of 1938 Welles and the Mercury Theatre began weekly broadcasts of short radio plays based on classic or popular literary works. Their October 30 broadcast of that year was an adaptation of The War of the Worlds. This brought Welles his first public notoriety on a national level, as the program created panic among some listeners who found it completely convincing. Welles' adaptation of H. G. Wells' classic novel simulated a news broadcast, cutting into a routine dance music program to describe the landing of Martian spacecraft in Grover's Mill, New Jersey. The innovative broadcast was realistic enough to frighten many in the audience into believing that an actual Martian invasion was in progress. Recordings of the broadcast are still available (see old-time radio and also the UK Region 2 DVD of Citizen Kane). The publicity that resulted from this led to Campbell's Soup sponsoring the previously unsponsored Mercury Theatre on the Air and eventually the offer of a three-picture Hollywood contract from RKO Pictures. Welles continued working extensively in radio throughout the 1940s, though his success there had its ups and downs as did his movie career. The cast of The Mercury Theatre even made the move to Hollywood with him, and The Campbell Playhouse moved its broadcast from New York to Hollywood as well.Among the other radio series Welles produced and directed were:The Orson Welles Show, for sponsor Lady Esther;
Hello Americans, which presented the music and research Welles was denied using for his unfinished film It's All True;
Ceiling Unlimited, a patriotric wartime salute to sponsor Lockheed/Vega;
The Orson Welles Almanac, a touring show sponsored by Mobil Oil, featuring Welles dabbling with comedy and magic; and
Orson Welles' Commentaries, a political commentary show.
Commentaries, the last series Welles would do in the US, caused a firestorm when Welles championed the cause of Isaac Woodward, a black World War II vet who had been beaten and blinded by a racist white policeman. The controversy led to Welles' film The Stranger being banned in the South.After Welles starred as Harry Lime in the film The Third Man, he reprised the same character for a BBC radio series titled The Lives of Harry Lime during 1951-52. Welles also hosted and narrated another BBC series The Black Museum, which dramatized famous cases from Scotland Yard's "Museum of Death."[edit]
Welles in Hollywood
Welles toyed with various ideas for his first project for RKO, settling briefly on an adaptation of Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness before ultimately rejecting it when the studio's budget projections made it impractical. In a display of his avant-garde sensibility, Welles planned to film the action entirely from the protagonist's point of view. With his initial ideas bearing no fruit, Welles finally found a suitable project in an idea suggested by screenwriter Herman Mankiewicz. Initially called American, it would eventually become Welles' first feature film, Citizen Kane (1941).
Citizen Kane, directed by and starring Orson Welles, is here commemorated on a postage stamp.Welles was once again the center of controversy with Citizen Kane. The gossip writer Louella Parsons convinced the yellow-press magnate, William Randolph Hearst, that he was the basis for Kane, with the result that Hearst's media empire boycotted the film. On its release, this event overshadowed the film's radical formal innovations. Welles is said to have sardonically remarked, in response to Hearst's attitude, that if he were to do a movie about the journalism magnate, the fact would be more grand and shockingly unbelievable than the fiction. This possibly apocryphal quote is spoken by Liev Schreiber (as Welles) in the 1999 TV movie RKO 281.The film, however, sported the most innovative journey into the art of cinema ever conceived (though to the total ignorance of critics and public AND studio executives, setting him on his famed downward-spiral from the very start). Among the film's contributions that are widely used now are deep-focus photography, in which all fore and background are in the same sharp focus; low camera angles - Welles had the studio floors cut away to house the bulky equipment at his desired angles (also requiring the use of sets with ceilings, then almost unprecedented in American cinema); and revolutionary make-up techniques that could present a young actor as an old character, while still allowing freedom of facial muscles and movement.Looking back on the masterpiece of Citizen Kane, one can clearly gather an idea of cinema therebefore and thereafter, and the stride into the art that Welles took with his first film. It truly marks the dawn of the modern age of cinema and film-making. (Interestingly, the only films to come close to Citizen Kane's technical innovations are from the silent era. Notably F.W. Murnau's Sunrise and Nosferatu.)Welles' second film for RKO was the more traditional The Magnificent Ambersons, adapted from the Pulitzer Prize-winning novel by Booth Tarkington, and on which RKO executives hoped to make back the money lost by Citizen Kane's relative commercial failure. Concerned that the film would be too much of a "downer", they butchered Welles' original cut from around 150 minutes down to 88 minutes. The cutting was done with the help of editor Robert Wise, whom Welles always believed used the debacle of the film to further his own directorial ambitions (Wise would go on to direct "West Side Story" and "The Sound of Music").Simultaneously, Welles worked on a spy thriller, Journey Into Fear, which he co-wrote with Joseph Cotten. In addition to acting in the film, Welles was also a producer. Direction was credited solely to Norman Foster, but the film contains several expressionistic sequences indicating input by Welles. Welles denied having directed the film, but the visual style is very similar to his credited works. Whatever the case, Welles played a major role in its production, but he expressed disappointment at the released version, which was severely edited by RKO.During the production of Ambersons, Welles was asked to make a documentary film about South America on behalf of the government. Welles left the United States to begin shooting this documentary after putting together the first rough cut of The Magnificent Ambersons, on the understanding that further editing decisions would be carried out via telegram. RKO, however, was in a perilous financial situation and feared another commercial failure. The studio wrested control of the film from Welles' Mercury Productions staff, cut over fifty minutes of footage, and added a reshot, upbeat ending. The cut footage, including Welles' original ending to the film, has been lost. This event marked the beginning of a recurring pattern in Welles' Hollywood career of damaging executive interference. Welles' South American documentary, titled It's All True, never saw completion in his lifetime. The surviving footage was released in 1993.In 1946, International Pictures released Welles' film The Stranger, starring Edward G. Robinson and Loretta Young as well as Welles himself. Sam Spiegel produced the film, which gave Welles an opportunity to salvage – briefly – his reputation in Hollywood. A noir-ish suspense film about the hunt for a Nazi war criminal, The Stranger was Welles' only commercial success as a director. Welles supposedly made the film to prove that he could make a conventional picture within time and budget constraints. He followed The Stranger with another noir drama for Columbia Pictures, The Lady from Shanghai. Welles played the protagonist, while his second wife, Rita Hayworth, played one of the villains. Like The Magnificent Ambersons, The Lady from Shanghai suffered heavy editing by its studio, with approximately an hour removed from Welles' final cut. The excised portions have been lost. Welles' notes for the film suggest that these portions would have aided audiences' comprehension of the story. Despite the editing, the theatrical cut still contains many examples of Welles' expressionist filmmaking. Once released, the film was savaged by critics for its convoluted plot, and audiences disliked Hayworth as a villain.Welles changed studios once again, moving to Republic Pictures, a studio with a reputation for making B movies. The move marked a return to Shakespeare for Welles—he chose to direct and star in an idiosyncratic production of Macbeth. Working with a very limited budget, Welles fashioned a Macbeth that emphasized the darkness of the play's themes and characters. Unfortunately for Welles, the released version (trimmed, at Republic's behest, of around twenty minutes of footage, including a ten-minute take) performed disappointingly at the box-office.[edit]
Welles after Hollywood
Frustrated by his experience with the studio system, Welles left Hollywood in 1948.Another possible reason of his leaving the US, among others, has been explained by Welles expert Mark W. Estrin: "J. Edgar Hoover’s now documented fear that Welles was a dangerous Communist confirms that he had become a logical target for the McCarthy witch-hunting crowd in Congress as well. Although IRS tax trouble was another contributing factor, it cannot have been entirely coincidental that Welles worked in Europe from 1948 until 1955." (Orson Welles, Interviews, ed. Mark W. Estrin, Jackson, UP of Mississippi, 2002, xvii). This theory has also been put forward by Welles' friend (and interviewer for This Is Orson Welles) Peter Bogdanovich.The following year Welles made one of his most notable film appearances in The Third Man, reuniting him with Joseph Cotten to whom Welles (as Harry Lime) gave the celebrated "Cuckoo Clock" speech:In Italy for 30 years under the Borgias they had warfare, terror, murder, and bloodshed, but they produced Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci and the Renaissance. In Switzerland they had brotherly love—they had 500 years of democracy and peace, and what did that produce? The cuckoo clock.
This is the only piece of dialogue in the film which its screenwriter Graham Greene did not write: Welles penned it himself and insisted that it be put in. Greene is reputed to have hated it (possibly because the cuckoo clock was not, in fact, a Swiss invention). Welles' appearance was relatively brief, but his character dominates the film.From 1949 to 1952, Welles worked on Othello, filming the entire work on location in Europe and Morocco. Despite winning the Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival, the film was not at the time given a general release in the United States, and played only in New York and Los Angeles. In 1992, the American release version of this film was restored from a nitrate negative that had been feared lost and went on a successful theatrical run in America. The entire score was rerecorded, and the film is now generally viewed as the most satisfactory film adaptation of the play.In 1958, he made his final return to Hollywood with an adaptation of Whit Masterson's pulp novel Badge of Evil (which Welles never bothered to read). Originally uninvolved, he was taken in by Universal Studios when Charlton Heston refused to star in the film unless Welles be at the helm. Despite being filled with revolutionary lighting and camera techniques, as well as what is obviously a precursor to Hitchcock's Psycho, and possibly still now, definitely then, the most complicated single shot ever put on celluloid, the film was once again wrestled from Welles' hands and severely cut down and reshot. Welles protested, writing a 58-page memo outlining his objections to the studio's version, but his comments were ignored. The film was released as the B-picture on a double-bill with Harry Keller's The Female Animal, but was widely praised across Europe, awarded the top prize at the Brussels World's Fair by judges (and then critics) Francois Truffaut and Jean-Luc Godard, who both cited it as being highly influential on their own respective debuts, The 400 Blows (1959) and Breathless (1960). (In 1998, editor Walter Murch, working from the original memo and a workprint version, restored the film to Welles' original vision.)After this last attempt at working within the studio system, Welles spent the rest of his directorial career in Europe, his films self-financed from acting fees or, later, funded by sympathetic producers. On almost all of these projects he retained final cut, but the independence thus gained also resulted in drastically reduced budgets and technical facilities. Despite these setbacks, some of Welles' best work was produced during this period from 1948 until his death in 1985.[edit]
Television
A lesser known, but still important, aspect of Welles' career was his work in television. The Orson Welles Sketchbook (1955) was created for the BBC and featured Welles telling stories and drawing pictures to illustrate them. The director also created Around the World with Orson Welles (1955) for the BBC. In this series he gleefully experimented with a film-essay format, foreshadowing the later F for Fake (1974). The Fountain of Youth (1958) was made for American TV and in it Welles offers some possibilities for expanding the medium's vocabulary. The Immortal Story (1968) was filmed for French television and stars not only Welles himself, but also Jeanne Moreau, one of the most loved actresses of the French New Wave cinema; based on a short story by Isak Dinesen, it is a spare and somber meditation on old age, isolation, and the inability to create. One of his most playful efforts was Portrait of Gina (1958), in which the director/narrator wanders through Italy, finally arriving at Gina Lollobrigida's home at the end of the film. Welles continued to work in TV through the 1960s, 70s and 80s, but little of the work he directed from this period was ever broadcast. A version of The Merchant of Venice (1969) was not completed because a reel was stolen and never recovered. Clips from unfinished TV projects appear in the documentary Orson Welles: The One-Man Band (1995), a fascinating but bittersweet look at many of the director's varied unreleased projects.[edit]
Final years
A man known for his large appetites, Welles became obese in his later years, at one point reaching around 350 pounds. The Monty Python troupe, who won the Jury's Prize in the Cannes Film Festival for The Meaning of Life in 1982, remarked that Orson Welles, who was on the Cannes jury panel, looked remarkably like the Mr. Creosote character from the film. He capitalized on his image in various advertising campaigns for certain brands of wines, hot dogs, and correspondence courses. A bootleg of the recording session for one of his later commercials still circulates on the Internet and elsewhere, often known simply as Frozen Peas. In the recording, Welles can be heard criticizing the commercial's producers for its poor script and their "impossible, meaningless" directions, before walking out on the session, telling them that "no money is worth this" (This incident was later satirized on SCTV with John Candy playing Welles, trying and failing to get through a reading of Good King Wenceslas before storming off set with the same lines as on the bootleg.) Another bootlegged recording features a clearly inebriated Welles struggling, and failing, to get through his lines in a commercial for a California champagne. The Fox show "The Critic" also satirized this moment, with Welles trying to sell "Rosebud Frozen Peas." The peas were full of "Country goodness and green pea-ness". He then said that the lines were terrible, and he quit, not before taking a handful of frozen peas to eat as he left.During his career he won one Oscar and was nominated for a further four. Among his later film appearances were as Father Mapple in John Huston's Moby-Dick (1956), as Cardinal Wolsey in A Man for All Seasons (1966), and as General Dreedle in Mike Nichols's Catch-22 (1970). In 1971 the Academy gave him an honorary award "For superlative artistry and versatility in the creation of motion pictures".After dieting and losing 50 pounds, Welles died of a heart attack in Hollywood, California at the age of 70 on October 10, 1985 (the same day as Yul Brynner). At the time of his death he had been working on various projects, including The Dreamers, a film adaptation of two stories by Isak Dinesen, around twenty-five minutes of which had already been shot. He died just a few hours after appearing on the Merv Griffin show and talking about how he felt at 70 vs. as a young man.The final role Welles performed in a film released during his lifetime was that of the planet-eater Unicron in the animated Transformers: The Movie, recording his lines a few weeks before his death. However, it was not his last appearance on the screen, as the previously-filmed 1987 independent movie Someone To Love (directed by Henry Jaglom), was released two years following his death. His last TV appearance was in the introduction of the episode "The Dream Sequence Always Rings Twice" of the series Moonlighting. Welles also recorded a narration for the The Alan Parsons Project's Tales of Mystery and Imagination, however this was never included on the original release. It was, however included in the 1987 remix released on CD.Welles' ashes were placed at the estate of a friend in Ronda, Spain, at his request. Some reports mention that some of his ashes may have been scattered in the town's famous Plaza de Toros, the oldest bullfighting ring in Spain that is still used. London critic Geoff Andrew has said, 'He remains that rarity – an undeniable genius of the cinema.'
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