NUDEblackbox

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Member Since: 7/16/2007
Band Website: fakecredibility.org
Band Members:NUDE black gix: live in schaffhausen

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Black box is a technical term for a device or system or object when it is viewed primarily in terms of its input and output characteristics. Almost anything might occasionally be referred to as a black box: a transistor , an algorithm , humans , the Internet .

The opposite of a black box is a system where the inner components or logic are available for inspection (such as a free software / open source program) which is sometimes known as a white box , a glass box, or a clear box. Points of view such as interactive computation may see the concept of a black box as a useful fiction .

Common usage :

In electronics , a sealed piece of replaceable equipment; see line-replaceable unit . ( LRU ) In computer programming and software engineering , black box testing is used to check that the output of a program is as expected, given certain inputs. [1] The term "black box" is used because the actual program being executed is not examined. In computing in general, a black box program is one where the user cannot see its inner workings (perhaps because it is a closed source program) or one which has no side effects and the function of which need not be examined, a routine suitable for re-use. In cybernetics a black box was described by Norbert Wiener as an unknown system that was to be identified using the techniques of system identification . [2] He saw the first step in Self-organization as being to be able to copy the output behaviour of a black box. In neural networking or heuristic algorithms (computer terms generally used to describe 'learning' computers or 'AI simulations') a Black Box is used to describe the constantly changing section of the program environment which cannot be tested by the programmers. In the stock market many people trade with "Black box" programs and algorithms designed by programmers. [3] These programs automatically trade user's accounts when certain technical market conditions suddenly exist (such as a SMA crossover ). In physics , a black box is a system whose internal structure is unknown, or need not be considered for a particular purpose. Sometimes black box is used as a synonym for black body . In mathematical modelling , a limiting case. In philosophy and psychology , the school of behaviorism sees the human mind as a black box; see black box theory . [4] In cryptography to capture the notion of knowledge obtained by an algorithm through the execution of a cryptographic protocol such as a zero-knowledge proof protocol. If the output of the algorithm when interacting with the protocol can be simulated by a simulator that interacts only the algorithm, this means that the algorithm 'cannot know' anything more than the input of the simulator. If the simulator can only interact with the algorithm in a black box way, we speak of a black box simulator.

The term black box theory is used in philosophy and in science .

The term is important in philosophical contexts, because various philosophers have proposed black box theories for various fields. Probably the most prominent such theory is the so called black box theory of consciousness , which states that the mind is fully understood once the inputs and outputs are well defined, and generally couples this with a radical skepticism regarding the possibility of ever successfully describing the underlying structure, mechanism, and dynamics of the mind.

In science studies , a more abstract notion of a black box refers to the result of the social process of blackboxing, which is, to cite Bruno Latour , "the way scientific and technical work is made invisible by its own success. When a machine runs efficiently, when a matter of fact is settled, one need focus only on its inputs and outputs and not on its internal complexity. Thus, paradoxically, the more science and technology succeed, the more opaque and obscure they become." (Latour: Pandora's Hope).

See also: Black box (systems) , Behaviorism , Philosophy of Mind

(c) wikipedia 2007

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