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K*N*O*P*K*A

The Ottoman Empire was full of furniture!

About Me

I am xenophilic.

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My Interests


I'd like to meet:

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Music:

D minor, C#, B flat

Television:


V. K. Zworykin's iconoscope (1923) was the first successful camera tube in wide use. Its functioning involved many fundamental principles common to all television image pickup devices. The face of the iconoscope consisted of a thin sheet of mica upon which thousands of microscopic globules of a photosensitive silver-cesium compound had been deposited. Backed with a metallic conductor, this expanse of mica became a mosaic of tiny photoelectric cells and capacitors. The differing light intensities of various points of a scene caused the cells of the mosaic to emit varying quantities of electrons, leaving the cells with positive charges proportionate to the number of electrons lost. An electron gun, or “scanner,” passed its beam across the cells. As it did so, the charge was released, causing an electrical signal to appear on the back of the mosaic, which was connected externally to an amplifier. The strength of the signal was proportional to the amount of charge released. The iconoscope provided good resolution, but required very high light levels and needed constant manual correction.
The orthicon and image-orthicon camera tubes improved on the iconoscope. They used light-sensitive granules deposited on an insulator and low-velocity scanning. These could be used with lower light levels than required by the iconoscope, and did not require the constant manual manipulation. The vidicon was the first successful television camera tube to use a photoconductive surface to derive a video signal.
Solid state imaging devices were first demonstrated in the 1960s. Today's solid-state television cameras use semiconductor charge-coupled devices or CCDs. Each element in a CCD stores a charge that is determined by the illumination incident on it. At the end of the exposure interval, the charge is transferred to a storage register and the CCD is freed up for the next exposure. The charges in the storage register are transferred to the output stage serially during that time. Although almost all consumer video cameras and camcorders use CCD imagers, camera tubes are still common in professional applications.
In the television receiver, the original image is reconstructed essentially by reversing the operation of the video camera. The final image is typically displayed on the face of a cathode-ray tube , where an electron beam scans the fluorescent face, called the “screen,” line for line with the pickup scanning. The fluorescent deposit on the tube's inside face glows when hit by the electrons, and the visual image is reproduced. Liquid crystal displays have also been used, mainly on small, portable sets; they are also finding increasing use as light valves on large-screen projectors. Although LCD technology is advancing rapidly, video projectors that use electron tubes can still produce better pictures. Other devices in the receiver extract the crucial synchronization information from the signal and demodulate (separate the information signal from the carrier wave) it.

Books:


1. Print the book, double-sided if you can. If you want, print the first and last pages on card stock to make suitable protective covers.
2. Jog the pages, so that they are all lined up along the inside spine. Make sure that every page is perfectly aligned, otherwise some pages won't bind. Put a piece of thick cardboard on either side of the set of pages to be bound. These will hold the pages tight during the gluing process.
3.Place binder clips on the top and bottom edges of the book (near the spine), to hold everything in place while you glue. One can also put a couple on the outside edge to stop the pages from splaying out in the next step. If the pages tend to spread out in the middle of the spine, put one in the centre of the spine, then work around it when gluing. Make sure there are no gaps between leafs, where the glue might soak in.
4.Place the spine upwards. The objective here is to have a flat surface to apply the glue on. Lean the book against some thing if it does not stand up freely.
5.Put on globs of glue. Let it soak into the paper for a bit, then put on some more.
6.Let the glue dry for at least half an hour. A couple of hours should be plenty.
7.Remove the binder clips that are holding the book together. Be careful because the glue does not have much structural strength.
8.Separate the cardboard that was put on either side of the book pages. To do this, carefully open the cardboard pages up (as if reading their inside covers), then run the knife down the glue between each board and the rest of the book.
9.Lay the book flat with the front side facing up. Be careful here because the rubber cement is not very strong.
10.Cut the tape to a length that is a little longer that the height of the book.
11.Put the tape on the book, lining it up so that about one quarter of an inch (of the tape width) is on the front side of the book. Press the tape down firmly (on the front side only) so that it is properly attached to the cover. .Make sure that a little bit of tape sticks out of both the bottom and top ends of the spine.
12.Turn the book over (gently) and, from the rear side, wrap the cloth tape around the spine of the book. Pull the tape tight so that it puts the spine under compression.
13.Trim excess tape at either end of the spine using a knife or pair of scissors.
14.Tap down the tape so that it is firmly attached to the book.
15.Let the book dry for a day. Then do the old "hold by a single leaf" test. Pick any page, and gently pull the page up into the air. The book should follow without separating from the page.