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Barbarossa Also called: Khayr ed-Din Barbarossa or redbeard ..
Khair ad Din (Barbarossa) new windowKhair ad Din was an Ottoman-Turkish admiral and privateer who served in the Ottoman Empire and in the Barbary Coast. He was born on the island of Lesbos, in today's Greece. He died in Besiktas in Istanbul, in modern-day Turkey. He was known as Barbarossa from Baba Aruj, his brother's name, after Aruj was killed by the Spanish in Tunisia, coincidentally also "Red Beard" to Europeans.Khair ad Din defeated the Spanish army that tried to capture Algiers in 1529. In 1531, he captured Tunisia, causing the Hafsid king al-Hasan Ibn Muhammad al-Hafsi to flee.
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The most interesting part of Hayreddin Barbarossa's flag is that it bears symbols of Judaism, Christianity and Islam (the 3 "ehl-i kitab" religions sent by Allah, according to Islam). The flag carries the "Fetih" Chapter from the Koran, below it inside crescents are the names of the four Caliphs, at the middle the Christian symbol of the Trinity, at its left the divine hand of God, and at the lower center the Jewish Star of David. This symbolism is a reflection of the Ottoman admiral's acceptance of sheltering the three prime religions of the 16th-century Mediterranean.Hayreddin Barbarossa was the greatest, most greatly feared, and most successful of all the Ottoman Naval warriors. Originally from Mytilene, aka Midilli (Lesbos), he and his brother Oruç had established themselves as successful privateers against Christian targets by 1512, when Sultan Selim I came to power. Hayreddin had two memorable naval encounters with the Genoese Admiral Andrea Doria -- and, although under somewhat unclear circumstances, Hayreddin bested the Italian both times. He died in 1546 (of natural causes) and was succeeded as Kapudan Pasa by Turgut Reis (Turgut Pasa). Piri Reis was a nephew...His father was Yakup Aga (formerly from Vardar near Selanik), one of the guardians that Sultan Mehmed II left after he conquered Midilli (Lesbos) in 1462. His mother was a spoil of war from among the inhabitants of the conquered island -- granted to Yakup by Sultan's decree. Four sons resulted from their union -- Ishak was the oldest, next came the firebrand Oruç (Aruj), then HIZIR [Hayreddin's given name], and then Ilyas. He spoke all the main Mediterranean languages -- Greek, Arabic, Spanish, Italian and French. And he loved music.
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The Barbarossa Brothers - Corsairs of Long Ago The Barbarossa brothers were well known for their acts of piracy. Their names were Aruj, Hizir, Ilias, and Ishaq. They were born during the 1470's on the island of Lesbos in the Aegean Sea. Their mother was a local Greek woman named Katalina. The father of those men was Yakop, a retired soldier of the Ottoman army. Lesbos was under Ottoman Turkish rule at the time. Aruj was the first to engage in piracy. He and his brother Ilias signed on a corsair galley that used Lesbos as a base. Aruj's luck went sour for a while. His brother Ilias was killed in a battle. Aruj was captured by the Knights of Rhodes and had to serve several years as a galley slave. An Egyptian emir bought him and he ended up in Egypt. His brother Hizir came to Egypt and linked up with him. The brothers decided to become partners in piracy and the emir gave them backing. They were quite successful at it and gained a reputation as fearsome raiders. The Barbarrosa brothers decided to shift their activities to the western part of the Mediterranean in 1505. They established a base at Djerba, which was near Tunis. The brothers and their pirate crews attacked and captured ships of various Christian nations. These vessels included Papal galleys, Spanish naval ships, and many merchant ships. The Barbarrosa brothers had a quarrel with the Sultan of Tunis in 1511 and had to change bases. They moved to Djidjelli, which was close to Algiers. Things eventually started to go bad for them. Aruj lost an arm in a battle in 1512. He was trying to capture a fort held by the Spanish on the coast of northern Africa. Aruj lost another battle two years later. The brothers now had an extreme hatred toward the Spanish. They decided to concentrate their attacks mostly on Spanish vessels. Their crews attacked both ships and coastal settlements. The Sultan of Algiers was not pursuing a highly aggressive policy against the Spanish, so the Barbarrosa brothers decided to overthrow him. Aruj led a force of corsairs that killed the Sultan. Then Aruj declared himself to be the new Sultan. In 1518 Aruj led an attack on the Spanish settlement of Oran. Spanish troops hit his force with a surprise attack. Aruj had to take his troops into the town of Tiemcen. He now saw that the Spanish had trapped him. Aruj was desperate and knew that if he stayed, the Spanish could take the town by storm or starve him out. He decided to try to break out of the trap. The Spanish troops killed him. Hizir formed an alliance with the Ottomans. He became the Sultan of Algiers. Hizir fought fiercely against the Spanish. He took Majorca and NIce and defeated a Christian fleet in a major battle. However, he lost Tunis in 1535. In 1538 Hizir led a fleet in a major naval battle near Preveza, Greece. He defeated a fleet of Spanish and Venetian ships that was commanded by the Genoese admiral Andrea Doria. This made Ottoman power supreme in the eastern Mediterranean. The Ottomans dominated that region until they lost the battle of Lepanto in 1571. A war between Spain and France broke out in 1544. The French king was Francois I and he asked for help from Suleyman, who was the Ottoman Turkish Sultan. Suleyman decided to form an alliance with the French. He ordered Hizir (who now had the title Khair uddin) to take a fleet and fight against the Spanish. Hizir took Naples from the Spanish. The position of Muslims in Spain was not a good one at the time. Hizir used a fleet of 36 ships to transport about 70,000 Spanish Muslims to Algiers. It took seven voyages to achieve this relocation. Hizir became very much of a favorite in the Ottoman royal court. He died in 1547 at his palace in Istanbul. Hizir had the rank of Baylar Bey, i.e. the commander general.Neal RobbinsP.S. Barbarossa literally means "Red Beard" .
Sailors in the Aegean and Ionian seas, following a common Eastern custom, had their "star of St. Nicholas" and wished one another a good voyage .. ....