I'm always down for an art exhibition, Nova 2006 was my favorite, I am proud to be a Nova Art Fair Artist!Nova Art Fair - as seen in artnet.comTHE WINDY APPLE by Abraham Orden Once upon a time, Art Chicago was a high-rolling event, the jewel of the international fair calendar. Well, the invisible hand of the market giveth, and it taketh away. Art Chicago is no longer, strictly speaking, an art world event. In some last-minute scrambling, after what seems to have been a serious monetary shortfall that threatened to scuttle the entire event, Art Chicago organizer Thomas Blackman sold the fair to Chicago’s Merchandise Mart. It’s the end of an era.During the fair’s brief run at the end of April, the Merchandise Mart paired Art Chicago -- some 100 dealers were on hand -- with its annual Chicago Antiques Fair, taking a page, I suppose, from the business plans of fast-food outlets like Pizza Hut and Taco Bell, or Baskin-Robins and Dunkin’ Donuts.One ticket bought entry to it all, and traffic was brisk when I passed through, with gallerists and antiques dealers busy chatting up their guests, who seemed to be largely local.Chicago’s own Thomas McCormick Gallery was exhibiting vintage Ab Ex, including a notable José de Rivera painting from 1945. Hard-edged and elegant in a simple black frame, it’s one for the ages, priced at $30,000. Prints were also a good bet. Tandem Press of Madison, Wisc., also had plenty of name-brand appeal, including a lush suite of works by rambling man Robert Cottingham. Titled An American Alphabet, these prints depict individual letters culled from gaudy signage across this great nation. They run in an edition of 40 and would set you back $2,075 a character.As for the younger set, a number of European galleries displayed that European taste for muddy, naïf painting that looks so good in the hands of really talented artists -- none of whom were represented. And so the good young art was left mostly to the Chicagoans, who made a pretty good showing.A place called Track House piqued a lot of interest. Proprietor Kim Mitseff runs a kind of shoestring residency program out on a couple of acres in Colorado, an operation she plans to keep going until Dec. 21, 2012, which, if you didn’t already know, is the day the Mayan calendar runs out. Mitseff had a nice picture on the wall that an artist named Rosy Keyser made out there in Colorado, an old-fashioned looking photograph of some oversaturated mountains, with diamonds improbably printed into the sky. Keyser’s untitled work is yours for $350, in an unlimited edition.The Chicago gallery Western Exhibitions also turned out some treasures, literally with the works by Brooklyn artist Mark Wagner, who has made a minor practice of cutting up the almighty dollar and reassembling it into new images. The most successful of these, like Demon Dollar, $1,000, throw a fresh light on the graphical ritualism of the state, but without being smug about it. The Nova Art Fair Running concurrently with Art Chicago was the second installment of the Nova Art Fair, Apr. 27-30, 2006, installed at the art deco-y City Suites Hotel. Smaller and more friendly, Nova is more suited to the current Chicago mood and market, I think. Visitors to the fair were greeted at the door by a big guy with a booming voice who turned out to be none other than Chicago artist Tony Fitzpatrick. A great, gregarious man, benevolent and endowed with persistence and talent, Fitzpatrick will tell you that his densely, intensely iconic pictures are allegories of Chicago, but to my mind it is he himself who best symbolizes the City of Big Shoulders.Fitzpatrick’s Big Cat Press was exhibiting prints and drawings by local artists who had worked with him over the past 12 years, as well as a few of his own pictures. Tony’s work is well-known and rightly so; the work of his employee Michael Pajon was more of a surprise. Like Fitzpatrick, Pajon works in a folk idiom. His etchings share in the spirit of Kafka -- funny and with a strange, sickly vivacity, as in Captain Turk, which, as the name implies, depicts a nautical turkey in 19th-century garb.NOVA was a Brooklyn event as much as Chicago one, since so many of the galleries came from the New York borough. Pierogi, which opened a new space in Liepzig on the same weekend, had its space packed with works on paper. A Dawn Clements doodle of Condi Rice a la Francis Bacon was a steal at $500, if you could stand to live with that mug.For fans of dopey Republican visages, the Front Room Gallery, also of Brooklyn, had an impressive photograph of Times Square by Sean Hemmerle. One wouldn’t guess that such a conventional subject could add up to a provocative photograph, but Hemmerle has defied the odds. This work depicts a massive, pensive George Bush head on the Jumbotron electronic billboard, Blade Runner style. Overlooking the empty metropolis, Bush is clearly the head of state, though he doesn’t look like he wants to be there at all.Hemmerle’s picture generates mixed unease. On the one hand, it brings home the menace of contemporary power, and on the other it makes clear that this is anything but an authoritarian regime -- the old familiar one-two punch of fear and guilt. The photo is big; it comes in both a "tall" edition of five and a "grande" edition of three, for $1,700 and $5,000, respectively.More Brooklyn: Dam, Stuhltrager Gallery’s Loren Munk has revived Museum of Modern Art founding director Alfred Barr’s famous chart of modern art in his new paintings, but in the one on view at the fair he has reversed the equation and produced not a genealogy of Modernism, but of its hammy champion, Clement Greenberg. A great painting for reminding oneself how these crazy ideas get started, the work is priced at $4,800.And as far as reflecting on the art world goes, however, nobody beats the art world’s own peddler, Eric Doeringer, who has been a kind of itinerant artist-salesman for several years, bringing a suitcase full of his knock-offs of high-profile works by major contemporary artists. Should Doeringer really be famous, like Sherrie Levine, or is his work kind of stupid? It’s unclear, but that’s the risk of it, and it’s just the right thing. I was inspired to take home a miniature Christopher Wool, and I got a gratis copy of Doeringer’s Matthew Barney fanzine to boot. Here’s a bit of its text:Shifting his weight, the man on the stage widened his stance. He let out what seemed to be a deep muffled chant. Slowly and precisely, and to the astonishment of the onlookers, the man began to lower his testes. With exquisite control, a fraction of an inch at a time, the ball sack began to appear, and soon all could make out the sturdy outline of two massive balls."Only one man. . . ," thought Koons.And as the balls descended, it became clear that ONE of the spheres was sporting a tiny mask! And no ordinary mask: it was clearly from a tiny replica of a classic Cremaster mask!"Barney! Barney!" Koons began to chant, and soon the whole room was booming.If Doeringer issues a challenge to stupidity and gross physicality, then that challenge is answered by artist Joe Sola, who gave a performance with two young men who had answered an ad Sola placed around town soliciting people who dislike contemporary art. The lads delivered to Sola, a fairly heavy guy, a powerful wedgy, hanging him from a hook in the wall. The onlookers giggled. This all took place at the booth of Miami’s Lemon Sky, which has recently closed its exhibition space and now focuses exclusively on fairs and artist projects like Sola’s wedgy.What about California? The new Bert Green Fine Art from downtown Los Angeles was presenting glossy, high-production photographs of actors from Six Feet Under -- with their heads covered in shreds of photographs of their heads. HBO commissioned the work from photographer David Meanix, but Six Feet fans will recognize it as the art of Claire, from the episode where she has her first art show.Bucheon Gallery from San Francisco brought some fine drawings by T. Marvel Hull to Chicago. Hull seems to be onto something valuable with his dystopic collages of what I’m guessing are Old School communists. One smaller work, titled Existential Crisis, is $650.The long day wrapped up at Adobe Books Backroom Gallery from San Francisco, taking a rest among paintings by Alison Blickle, who, Backroom curator Eleanor Harwood says, "has recently fallen in love." Hence, the title on the image of the naked pretty girl on a bed, a self-portrait of the artist, is You Know I’m Yours First. What a world.Congratulations are due to Harwood, who is opening her own San Francisco exhibition space at the end of summer, to be called the Eleanor Harwood Gallery. She brought out the champagne to celebrate in style when we were joined by Frank Haines, a former San Franciscan who has been in Chicago on a residency at the West Loop space Three Walls. Haines’ stay had culminated the week before with one of his intense, mystical performances.I have known and admired Haines’ work for quite some time, but I had never met him, and so I had never realized how deeply sincere he is about his magic. I believe it now; half an hour in Haines’ company and I learned all I need to know about the magic societies of the Bay Area and Chicago, what it means to be a Taurus (Frank’s sign), and what to expect from the full moon. Chicago Galleries Elsewhere in the West Loop there were considerable art goings on, as one might expect on a fair weekend. Kavi Gupta Gallery had on view a pair of loveable videos by Swedish artist Johanna Billings, whose Magical World, the much-lauded children’s choir performance of the Sydney Barnes song by the same name, is currently playing at P.S.1. Those who want to own the work, however, can see Gupta, who has priced it at $8,700 each, edition of six.The gallery also has the artist’s newest work on view, a 15-minute-long vid titled Magic and Loss that shows a group of young adults speechlessly packing up an Amsterdam apartment. The work is quiet and materially satisfying, what with all that junk getting organized before one’s eyes. The characters work like ants, in synchrony and without verbal directions. No one seems to be in charge, so whose apartment is it? Where, after all, is the owner of all this stuff? One begins to consider death without quite realizing it has made its entrance, and the silence of the workers fills with weight -- but never with finality, as all of this is only imagined.Billing’s Magical World faced stiff, and no doubt unwitting, competition from local artist D’nell Larson at Bodybuilder & Sportsman. Her video, Close Your Eyes and Think of Me, features her parents in their chintzy basement recording studio doing hits by Mazzy Starr, Joy Division, Nirvana and The Cure. As in Billings’ piece, these tunes were picked by the artist, but Larson’s work uses the grace of realism to its advantage, as Larson’s parents are actually professional wedding singers, and covering recent hits is de rigueur in their real lives. Where Billings had to mold her event from the raw material of a Croat after-school program, Larson simply turned the camera on her folks, made a few requests and started taping. You may bring the Larsons into your home for $2,000, in an edition of five.Wendy Cooper Gallery is exhibiting new works by Chicago artist Sabrina Raaf, large, cinematic photographs in which bodies seem to defy gravity, like in Levitated, a mammoth (86 x 28 in.) image in an edition of seven, priced at $3,000. Suggesting something like Stanley Kubrick crossed with Sam Taylor-Wood, Raaf’s panoramic photographs of elegant condominium living are made with the help of a film stunt company -- more evidence, if any is needed, of how photography’s budget has soared in the recent past.Fantasy pictures were borne by more humble materials at Bucket Rider Gallery. Painted on what appears to be torn-up driftwood, Sarah Cromarty’s new works depict livid tropical paradises, as if rendered from life by a castaway with whatever material supports were at hand. But the castaway would have to have had a craft shop on the back side of the island, for each of these works is dressed up like a hussy with glitter, cheap embroidery, hanging beads and dyed feathers. Cromanty is an assistant to Jim Shaw, and it is clear that she has picked up the essence of Shaw’s blend of auteur craftsmanship and polyester visions. Her works run from around $2,000 to $3,100, with some collages in the $500 range.The weekend ended at the University of Chicago, my home turf, with the Renaissance Society opening of Berlin-based Mai-Thu Perret’s Apocalypse Ballet. Five papier-mâché female figures dressed in new-age outfits and wigs, armed with neon rings, are scattered across the space, frozen in a choreographic tableau. Though they are dressed, these figures aren’t like mannequins; they are clumsily constructed ("sausage-like," the artist called them), hand-made and so declare themselves to be sculpture. The installation includes a giganticized aluminum teapot, opened by a door in its side and decorated on the interior by a few small pattern paintings on wooden panels.Perret’s work deserves serious attention, but it doesn’t demand it. Tracing the sources of each element of the piece entails traversing a wide swath of 20th-century Western culture. The overall composition comes from Perret’s fictional writings, where she has developed her imaginings of a contemporary women’s commune in Borgesian style, by writing entries of their journals. The neon rings come from a Busby Berkeley film; the dress of her figures come from the Futurists; and the shape of the teapot from the Bauhaus.But we are discouraged from getting too serious about all this archeology. The work is glib, like the artist herself, and its most interesting quality is not what these appropriations add up to, but how they deconstruct our expectations of appropriation itself. As the Perret herself put it, "We probably make too much about knowing where things come from." Indeed, the sentiment rings true as the spirit of our artistic times.Perret’s work, then, does not siphon the authority of History by referring to it. It is rather an effort to relieve some of history’s weight, to dissolve its stubborn fixity back into the primordial sludge of the present moment.ABRAHAM ORDEN writes on art from Chicago. Shout-outs: Nova Art Fair! José de Rivera Untitled 1945 Thomas McCormick Gallery Robert Cottingham An American Alphabet 2004 Tandem Press Rosy Keyser’s Untitled at Track House, in Art Chicago Mark Wagner Demon Dollar 2006 Western Editions Artists Tony Fitzpatrick and Michael Pajon at Big Cat Press, NOVA Tony Fitzpatrick The Damned 2005 Big Cat Press Michael Pajon’s Captain Turk Miller, an etching w/ aquatint, from Big Cat Press Dawn Clements Condoleeza Rice 2005 Pierogi Gallery Sean Hemmerle’s photograph at Brooklyn’s Front Room Gallery Loren Munk Clement Greenberg 2005 Dam Stuhltrager Eric Doeringer at NOVA Los Angeles artist Joe Sola getting a wedgy at Lemon Sky, NOVA David Meanix, Contention, at Bert Green Fine Art, Los Angeles, at NOVA T. Marvel Hull’s Existential Crisis at San Francisco’s Bucheon Gallery Alison Blickle You Know I’m Yours First 2005 Adobe Books Backroom Gallery Eleanor Harwood at Adobe Books Backroom Gallery, NOVA Fair Frank Haines performing at Three Walls Video still from Johanna Billing’s Magical World at Kavi Gupta Gallery D’nell Larson Close Your Eyes and Think of Me (video still) 2005 Bodybuilder and Sportsman Sabrina Raaf Living Room (detail) 2006 Wendy Cooper Gallery Sarah Cromarty Afternoon Delight 2006 Bucket Rider Gallery Installation view of Mai-Thu Perret’s Apocalypse Ballet (2006) at the Renaissance SocietySimón Bolívar From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia • Have questions? Find out how to ask questions and get answers. • Jump to: navigation, search This article is about the South American independence leader. “Bolívar” redirects here. For other uses, see Bolívar (disambiguation). Simón Bolívar Simón Bolívar 2nd President of Venezuela 3rd President of Venezuela [1] In office August 6, 1813 – July 7, 1814 Preceded by Cristóbal Mendoza Succeeded by José Antonio Páez 1st President of Greater Colombia [1] In office December 17, 1819 – May 4, 1830 Succeeded by Domingo Caycedo 1st President of Bolivia In office August 12, 1825 – December 29, 1825 Succeeded by Antonio José de Sucre 6th President of Peru In office February 17, 1824 – January 28, 1827 Preceded by José Bernardo de Tagle, Marquis of Torre-Tagle Succeeded by Andrés de Santa Cruz 1st President of the Republic of Colombia [1] Born July 24, 1783(1783-07-24) Caracas, Venezuela Died December 17, 1830 (aged 47) Santa Marta, Colombia Spouse María Teresa Rodríguez del Toro y Alaysa ^ He was the President of Greater Colombia, and also of the Republic of Colombia and Venezuela. Simón Bolívar Monument, Sixth Avenue entrance to Central Park, New York City Simón Bolívar Monument, Sixth Avenue entrance to Central Park, New York City Simón Bolívar Memorial Monument, standing in Santa Marta, Colombia Simón Bolívar Memorial Monument, standing in Santa Marta, ColombiaSimón José Antonio de la Santísima Trinidad Bolívar y Palacios (born July 24, 1783 in Caracas, Captaincy General of Venezuela – died December 17, 1830, in Santa Marta, Colombia) was a leader of several independence movements throughout South America, collectively known as Bolívar's War.Bolívar is credited with leading the fight for independence in what are now the countries of Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Panama, and Bolivia, using sometimes-brutal guerrilla warfare tactics as outlined in his Decree of war to the death. He is revered as a hero in these countries and throughout much of the rest of Hispanic America.In 1802, he married María Teresa Rodríguez del Toro y Alaysa. She died of yellow fever less than a year later and he never remarried.Together with José de San Martín, Bolívar is regarded as one of the Liberators of Spanish South America. Contents [hide]* 1 Family heritage and early life * 2 El Libertador * 3 Death and Legacy o 3.1 Relatives * 4 Honors * 5 Things Named After Bolívar o 5.1 Places o 5.2 Miscellaneous * 6 Other notes * 7 See also * 8 Notes * 9 References * 10 External links[edit] Family heritage and early lifeThe Bolívar aristocratic bloodline derives from a small village in the Basque Country, called Bolibar, which is the origin of the surname.[1] His father descended remotely from King Fernando III of Castile and Count Amedeo IV of Savoy, and was provenient in male line of the family de Ardanza.[2] The Bolivars settled in Venezuela in the sixteenth century.A portion of their wealth came from the Aroa River gold and copper mines in Venezuela. In 1632, gold was first mined, leading to further discoveries of extensive copper deposits. Towards the later 1600s, copper was exploited with the name "Cobre Caracas". These mines became the property of Simón Bolívar's family. Later in his revolutionary life, Bolívar used part of the mineral income to finance the South American revolutionary wars. Some people claim that his family grew to prominence before gaining great wealth. For example, the Cathedral of Caracas, founded in 1575, has a side chapel dedicated to Simón Bolívar's family.Bolívar was born in Caracas, in modern-day Venezuela and educated by tutors after his parents died. Among his tutors were Simón Rodríguez, whose ideas and educational style heavily influenced the young man and Andrés Bello, the Venezuelan poet, lawmaker, philologist and diplomat.Following the death of his father Juan Vicente de Bolívar y Ponte, 1st Marqués de San Luis, and his mother María de la Concepción de Palacios y Blanco, he went to Spain in 1799 to complete his education. There he married María Teresa Rodríguez del Toro y Alaysa in 1802, but on a brief return visit to Venezuela in 1803, she succumbed to yellow fever. Bolívar returned to Europe in 1804 and for a time was part of Napoleon's retinue.[edit] El LibertadorBolívar returned to Venezuela in 1807, and, when Napoleon made Joseph Bonaparte King of Spain and its colonies in 1808, he participated in the resistance juntas in South America. The Caracas junta declared its independence in 1810, and Bolívar was sent to Britain on a diplomatic mission.Bolívar returned to Venezuela in 1811. In March 1812, Bolívar was forced to leave Venezuela because of an earthquake that destroyed Caracas. In July 1812, junta leader Francisco de Miranda surrendered to the Spanish, and Bolívar had to flee to Cartagena de Indias. It was during this period that Bolívar wrote his Manifiesto de Cartagena. In 1813, after acquiring a military command in New Granada under the direction of the Congress of Tunja, he led the invasion of Venezuela on May 14. This was the beginning of the famous Campaña Admirable, the Admirable Campaign. He entered Mérida on May 23, where he was proclaimed as El Libertador, following the occupation of Trujillo on June 9. Six days later, on June 15, he dictated his famous Decree of War to the Death (Decreto de Guerra a Muerte). Caracas was retaken on August 6, 1813, and Bolívar was ratified as "El Libertador", thus proclaiming the Venezuelan Second Republic. Due to the rebellion of José Tomás Boves in 1814 and the fall of the republic, he returned to New Granada, where he then commanded a Colombian nationalist force and entered Bogotá in 1814, recapturing the city from the dissenting republican forces of Cundinamarca. He intended to march into Cartagena and enlist the aid of local forces in order to capture Royalist Santa Marta. However, after a number of political and military disputes with the government of Cartagena, Bolívar fled, in 1815, to Jamaica, where he petitioned the Haitian leader Alexandre Pétion for aid.In 1817, with Haitian help (given because he promised to free slaves), Bolívar landed in Venezuela and captured Angostura (now Ciudad Bolívar).A victory at the Battle of Boyacá in 1819 added New Granada to the territories free from Spanish control, and in September 7, 1821 the Gran Colombia (a federation covering much of modern Venezuela, Colombia, Panama, and Ecuador) was created, with Bolívar as president and Francisco de Paula Santander as vice president.Further victories at the Carabobo in 1821 and Pichincha in 1822 consolidated his rule over Venezuela and Ecuador respectively. After a meeting in Guayaquil, on July 26 and July 27, 1822, with Argentine General José de San Martín, who had received the title of Protector of Peruvian Freedom, in August 1821, after having partially liberated Peru from the Spanish, Bolívar took over the task of fully liberating Peru. The Peruvian congress named him dictator of Peru, on February 10, 1824, which allowed Bolívar to completely reorganize the political and military administration. Bolívar, assisted by Antonio José de Sucre, decisively defeated the Spanish cavalry, on August 6, 1824, at Junín. Sucre destroyed the still numerically superior remnants of the Spanish forces at Ayacucho on December 9.On August 6, 1825, at the Congress of Upper Peru, the Republic of Bolivia was created. Bolívar is thus one of the few men to have a country named after him. The constitution reflected the influence of the French and Scottish Enlightenment on Bolívar's political thought, as well as that of classical Greek and Roman authors.Bolívar had great difficulties maintaining control of the vast Gran Colombia. During 1826, internal divisions had sparked dissent throughout the nation and regional uprisings erupted in Venezuela, thus the fragile South American coalition appeared to be on the verge of collapse.An amnesty was declared and an arrangement was reached with the Venezuelan rebels, but political dissent in New Granada grew as a consequence of this. In an attempt to keep the federation together as a single entity, Bolívar called for a constitutional convention at Ocaña during April 1828.He had seen his dream of eventually creating an American Revolution-style federation between all the newly independent republics, with a government ideally set-up solely to recognize and uphold individual rights, succumb to the pressures of particular interests throughout the region, which rejected that model and allegedly had little or no allegiance to liberal principles.For this reason, and to prevent a break-up, Bolívar wanted to implement in Gran Colombia a more centralist model of government, including some or all of the elements of the Bolivian constitution he had written (which included a lifetime presidency with the ability to select a successor, though this was theoretically held in check by an intricate system of balances).This move was considered controversial and was one of the reasons why the deliberations met with strong opposition. The convention almost ended up drafting a document which would have implemented a radically federalist form of government, which would have greatly reduced the powers of the central administration.Unhappy with what would be the ensuing result, Bolívar's delegates left the convention. After the failure of the convention due to grave political differences, Bolívar proclaimed himself dictator on August 27, 1828 through the "Organic Decree of Dictatorship".He considered this as a temporary measure, as a means to reestablish his authority and save the republic, though it increased dissatisfaction and anger among his political opponents. An assassination attempt on September 25, 1828 failed, in part thanks to the help of his lover, Manuela Sáenz, according to popular belief.Although Bolívar emerged physically intact from the event, this nevertheless greatly affected him. Dissident feelings continued, and uprisings occurred in New Granada, Venezuela and Ecuador during the next two years.[edit] Death and Legacy Simón Bolívar medallion by David D'Angers, 1832 Simón Bolívar medallion by David D'Angers, 1832Bolívar finally resigned his presidency on April 27, 1830, intending to leave the country for exile in Europe, possibly in France. He had already sent several crates (containing his belongings and his writings) ahead of him to Europe.He died before setting sail, after a painful battle with tuberculosis on December 17, 1830, in "La Quinta de San Pedro Alejandrino", in Santa Marta, Colombia.His remains were moved from Santa Marta to Caracas in 1842, where a monument was set up for his burial. The 'Quinta' near Santa Marta has been preserved as a museum with numerous references to his life.[3][edit] RelativesSimón Bolívar has no direct descendants. His bloodline lives on through his sister Juana Bolívar y Palacios who married their maternal uncle Dionisio Palacios y Blanco and had two children: Guillermo and Benigna.Guillermo died when fighting alongside his uncle in the battle of La Hogaza in 1817. Benigna Palacios y Bolívar married Pedro Amestoy. Their great-grandchildren, Pedro (95), and Eduardo Mendoza Goiticoa (90) live in Caracas. They are Simón Bolívar's closest living relatives.[4][edit] Honors Preceded by Federation created President of Greater Colombia 1821–1830 Succeeded by Domingo Caycedo Preceded by José Bernardo de Tagle President of Peru February 1824 – January 1826 Succeeded by Andres de Santa Cruz Preceded by Republic created President of Bolivia 1825–1826 Succeeded by Antonio José de SucreIn addition to the statues shown elsewhere in this article, there is an equestrian statue commemorating Bolívar's life and works in Washington, D.C., a statue at the UN Plaza in San Francisco, a statue in the Basque Country, Spain, a statue on the Reforma Avenue in Mexico City, a statue in Cairo, Egypt, A statue in San Juan de Puerto Rico. statues signifying the friendship between Canada and South America in Quebec City and Ottawa, and also a bust in Sydney, Australia. A statue in Bolivar, Missouri which was presented by President Rómulo Gallegos of Venezuela and dedicated by President Harry S. Truman. A central avenue in Ankara, the capital of Turkey, bears his name. Bolivar, West Virginia displays a bust, as does Frankfurt, Germany.Furthermore, every city and town in Venezuela & Colombia (in this one each capital city but Pasto) have a main square known as Plaza Bolivar, that usually has a bust or a statue of Bolivar, the most famous of these Plaza Bolivar is the one in Caracas. The central avenue of Caracas is called Avenida Bolivar, and at its end there is a twin tower complex named Centro Simon Bolivar built during the 1950s that holds several governmental offices.[edit] Things Named After Bolívar[edit] Places* Bolivia * In Colombia: o Bolívar Department o Bolívar, Cauca o Bolívar, Santander o Bolívar, Valle del Cauca o El Carmen de Bolívar, Bolívar o Bolivar Square, Bogotá * Bolívar Province, Ecuador * In Peru: o Bolívar District o Bolívar, the capital of Bolívar District o Bolívar Province, in La Libertad Region * In the U.S. o Bolivar, Tennessee o Bolivar, Ohio o Bolivar, Missouri o Bolivar, West Virginia o Bolivar (town), New York o Bolivar (village), New York o The Bolivar Peninsula in Galveston County, southern Texas * In Venezuela: o Bolívar state o Bolivares (The Venezuelan Currency) o Ciudad Bolívar, capital of that state * Various streets in New Orleans, New Delhi, India, Mexico City, Mexico, Ankara, Turkey and Guatemala City are named after Simón Bolívar * A suburb of Adelaide, South Australia is named Bolivar after him[edit] Miscellaneous* The Simón Bolívar United World College of Agriculture in Venezuela, a school in Venezuela that offers a diploma in agriculture, and that is part of the United World College Movement. * Venezuelan bolívar, the currency of Venezuela * The Puerto Bolívar Airport, a private airport in the Guajira Department of Colombia * The Bolívar cigar brand from Cuba * El Club Bolívar, a Bolivian football team who play at the Estadio Libertador Simón Bolívar * The Simón Bolívar Symphony Orchestra (Orquesta Sinfónica Simón Bolívar)'[edit] Other notes* Bolívar crossed 123,000 kilometers, more than Christopher Columbus and Vasco da Gama together. * President of six nations: Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Panama, Peru, and Venezuela. However, he was only officially president of four nations (Bolivia, Colombia, Peru and Venezuela).* Bolívar summoned the congresses of Angostura and Panamá[edit] See also Find more information on Simón Bolívar by searching Wikipedia's sister projects Dictionary definitions from Wiktionary Textbooks from Wikibooks Quotations from Wikiquote Source texts from Wikisource Images and media from Commons News stories from Wikinews Learning resources from Wikiversity* Bolívar's War * Bolivarian Revolution * The Bolivian boliviano, Bolivian peso and the Venezuelan bolívar are currencies named after him * Gabriel García Márquez's novel The General in his Labyrinth (1989), a fictionalized account of Bolívar's last days * Brigadier General Antonio Valero de Bernabé * Simón Bolívar University * Manuela Sáenz, Bolívar's lover 1822-1830 * ,,?,, – A U.S. university fraternity that takes Simon Bolívar as one of its "five pillars" * Bolivarian Games * White Latin American * Basques * Spaniards[edit] Notes1. ^ http://www.guiabizkaia.com/museos/Bolibar/Index.html 2. ^ http://genealogia.netopia.pt/pessoas/pes_show.php?id=276543 3. ^ Simón Bolívar entry on Find a Grave.com 4. ^ Simón Bolívar.org, Familia[edit] References* ACOSTA RODRÍGUEZ, LUIS JOSÉ. 1979: “Bolívar para todos”. Sociedad Bolivariana de Venezuela. Caracas - Venezuela.” 2 volúmenes. ISBN 968-484-000-4* ANÓNIMO. 2003: “"Bolívar, Grandes biografías”, AAVV, febrero 1ra edición, Ediciones y Distribuciones Promo-libro S.A., Madrid-España.* ARCINIEGAS, GERMAN. 1979: “Héroe Vital. La Gran Colombia, garantía de la libertad sudamericana”. En: “Bolívar. Hombre del presente, nuncio del porvenir”. Auge, S. A. Editores. Lima – Perú.* BENCOMO BARRIOS, HECTOR. 1983: “Bolívar Jefe Militar”. Cuadernos Lagoven. Serie Bicentenario. Lagoven S.A. Caracas - Venezuela.79p.* BOHORQUEZ CASALLAS, LUIS ANTONIO. 1980. “"Breve biografía de Bolívar"'”. Colección José Ortega Torres, Gráficas Margal, Bogotá – Colombia.* BOLINAGA, MARÍA BEGOÑA. 1983: “Bolívar conservacionista”. Cuadernos Lagoven. Serie Bicentenario. Lagoven S.A. Caracas – Venezuela 91p.* BOLÍVAR, SIMÓN. 1981: “Simón Bolívar ideario político”. Ediciones Centauro Caracas – Venezuela. 214p.* BOULTON, ALFREDO. 1980: “Miranda, Bolívar y Sucre tres estudios Icnográficos”. Biblioteca de Autores y Temas Mirandinos. Caracas – Venezuela. 177p.* BOYD, BILL. 1999: “Bolívar, Liberator of a continent, An historical novel, Sterling, Virginia 20166, Capital Books, Inc., ISBN 1-892123-16-9.* BUSHNELL, DAVID Y MACAULAY, NEILL, 1989: “"El nacimiento de los países latinoamericanos"”. Editorial Nerea, S.A., Madrid – España.* CABALLERO, MANUEL. S/F: “"Por qué no soy bolivariano. Una reflexión antipatriótica"”. Alfa Grupo Editorial. ISBN 9803541994.* CALDERA, RAFAEL. 1979: “Arquitecto de una nueva sociedad. La educación y la virtud, sustento de la vida republicana”. En: “Bolívar. Hombre del presente, nuncio del porvenir”. Auge, S. A. Editores. Lima – Perú.* CAMPOS, JORGE. 1984: “Bolívar”. Salvat Editores, S. A. Barcelona - España. 199p.* CARRERA DAMAS, GERMÁN, S/F: “"El Culto a Bolívar"”. Alfa Grupo Editorial. ISBN 9803541005.* ENCEL, FREDERIC. 2002, “"El arte de la guerra: Estrategias y batallas"”. Alianza Editorial, S.A., Madrid – España.* ENCINOZA, VALMORE E., Y CARMELO VILDA. 1988: “Se llamaba Simón Bolívar. Vida y obra del Libertador”. Ediciones S.A. Educación y Cultura Religiosa. Caracas - Venezuela. 112p.* GARCÍA MÁRQUEZ, GABRIEL: 2001,“Der General in seinem Labyrinth”. Historischer Roman, Köln, Kiepenheuer & Witsch, (KiWi; 657), ISBN 3-462-03057-4* GIL FORTOUL, JOSÉ. 1954: “Historia Constitucional de Venezuela”. Cuarta Edición. Ministerio de Educación. Dirección de Cultura y Bellas Artes. Caracas – Venezuela. 3 volúmenes.* JURADO TORO, BERNARDO. 1980: “Bolívar y el mar”. Edición del Banco Central de Venezuela. Caracas – Venezuela. 181p.* JURADO TORO, BERNARDO. 1994: “"Bolívar el polifacético"”. Ed. DIGECAFA, Caracas – Venezuela.* LECUNA, VICENTE. 1954: “Relaciones diplomáticas de Bolívar con Chile y Argentina”. Imprenta Nacional. Caracas – Venezuela. 2 volúmnes.* LECUNA, VICENTE. 1960: “Crónica razonada de las Guerras de Bolivar”. The Colonial Books, New York – United States. NY. 3 volúmenes.* LECUNA, VICENTE. 1977: “La Casa natal del Libertador”. Impreso en Venezuela por Cromotip. Caracas – Venezuela.* LECUNA, VICENTE. 1995: “Documentos referentes a la creación de Bolivia”. Comisión Nacional del Bicentenario del Gran Mariscal Sucre (1795-1995). Caracas – Venezuela. 2 volúmenes. ISBN 980-07-2353-6* LIEVANO AGUIRRE, INDALECIO. 1988: “Bolivar”. Academia Nacional de la Historia. Caracas Venezuela. 576p. ISBN 980-300-035-X* LLANO GOROSTIZA, M. 1976: “Bolívar en Vizcaya”. Banco de Vizcaya. Bilbao - España. 115p. ISBN 84-500-1556-1* LLERAS RESTREPO, CARLOS. 1979: “Demócrata cabal. Sumisión a la Ley y a la patria”. En: “Bolívar. Hombre del presente, nuncio del porvenir”. Auge, S. A. Editores. Lima – Perú.* LOVERA DE SOLA, R. J. 1983: “Bolívar y la opinión pública”. Cuadernos Lagoven. Lagoven. S.A. Caracas - Venezuela. 83p.* LYNCH, JOHN. 1998: “"Las revoluciones hispanoamericanas 1808-1826"”. Editorial Ariel, S.A., 7ma edición, Barcelona – España.* LYNCH, JOHN. 2006: “Simon Bolivar. A Life”, Verlag: Yale University Press, O. Mai, ISBN 0300110626.* MADARIAGA, SALVADOR DE: 1986: “Simón Bolívar”. Zürich, Manesse-Verl., ISBN 3-7175-8067-1* MARX, KARL. S/F “"Bolívar y Ponte: Apuntes biográficos sobre Simón Bolívar"”. S/R.* MASUR, GERHARD. 1974: “Simón Bolívar”. Circulo de Lectores S.A. y Editorial Grijalbo S.A. Barcelona - España. 600p. ISBN 84-226-0346-2* MIJARES, AUGUSTO. 1987: “El Libertador”. Academia Nacional de la Historia y Ediciones de la Presidencia de la República. Caracas- Venezuela 588p. ISBN980-265-724-7* MIRÓ, RODRIGO. 1979: “Espíritu realista. La consolidación de la independencia, pertinaz obsesión”. En: “Bolívar. Hombre del presente, nuncio del porvenir”. Auge, S. A. Editores. Lima – Perú.* MONDOLFI, EDGARDO (Comp.): 1990: “Bolívar ideas de un espíritu visionario”. Monte Ávila Latinoamericana. Caracas – Venezuela. ISBN 980-01-0310-4* MORÓN, GUILLERMO. 1979: “Los presidentes de Venezuela. 1811 -1979”. S.A. Meneven. Caracas - Venezuela. 334p.* PÉREZ ARCAY, JACINTO. 1980: “El fuego sagrado. Bolívar hoy”. Edición CLI-PER. Caracas - Venezuela. 347p.* PÉREZ CONCHA JORGE. 1979: “Político sagaz. Guayaquil: afirmación de los principios republicanos”. En: “Bolívar. Hombre del presente, nuncio del porvenir”. Auge, S. A. Editores. Lima – Perú.* PÉREZ VILA, MANUEL. 1980: “Bolívar el libro del sesquicentenario 1830-1980”. Ediciones de la Presidencia de la República. Caracas - Venezuela. 391p.* PETZOLD PERNÍA, HERMANN. 1986: “Bolívar y la ordenación de los poderes públicos en los estados emancipador”. Fundación Premio Internacional Pensamiento de Simón Bolívar”. Caracas – Venezuela.* PINO ITURRIETA, ELÍAS. S/A: “"El divino bolívar: ensayo sobre una religión republicana"”. Alfa Grupo Editorial. ISBN 8483191679.* POLANCO ALCÁNTARA, TOMÁS. 1983: “Bolívar y la justicia”. Cuadernos Lagoven. Serie Bicentenario. Lagoven S.A. Caracas – Venezuela .79p.* POLANCO ALCÁNTARA, TOMÁS. 2001: “"Bolívar: vida, obra y pensamiento"”. Círculo de Lectores, Bogotá - Colombia. ISBN 9582812559* POLANCO ALCÁNTARA, TOMÁS. S/F. “"Simón Bolívar: Ensayo de una interpretación biográfica a través de sus documentos"'”. 4ta edición, Editorial EG, Barcelona - España.* PRUDENCIO, ROBERTO. 1979: “Creador de patrias. Bolivia, hija de su gloria”. En: “Bolívar. Hombre del presente, nuncio del porvenir”. Auge, S. A. Editores. Lima – Perú.* PUENTE CANDAMO, JOSÉ AGUSTÍN DE LA. 1979: “Libertador de los pueblos. Plenitud revolucionaria inspirada en la democracia”. En: “Bolívar. Hombre del presente, nuncio del porvenir”. Auge, S. A. Editores. Lima – Perú.* QUINTERO, INÉS. 1999: Del Bolívar para todos al Bolívar para Chávez”. El Nacional, 28-12-1999 Caracas – Venezuela.* RAMOS, DEMTRIO. 1979: “Criollo enciclopedista. Personaje símbolo de la emancipación americana”. En: “Bolívar. Hombre del presente, nuncio del porvenir”. Auge, S. A. Editores. Lima – Perú.* ROJAS, ARMANDO. 1996: “Ideas educativas de Simón Bolívar”. Monte Ávila Latinoamericana S.A. Caracas - Venezuela. 245p. ISBN 980-01-0304-X* ROSA, DIÓGENES DE LA. 1979: “Precursor del Panamericanismo. La integración, reto y compromiso”. En: “Bolívar. Hombre del presente, nuncio del porvenir”. Auge, S. A. Editores. Lima – Perú.* SALCEDO BASTARDO, JOSÉ LUIS. 1972: “Bolívar: un continente y un destino”. Ediciones de la Presidencia de la República. Caracas - Venezuela. 436p.* SALCEDO BASTARDO, JOSÉ LUIS. 1977: “Un hombre diáfano Bolívar”. Cultural Venezolana, S. A. Caracas – Venezuela.* SALCEDO BASTARDO, JOSÉ LUIS. 1979: “Derrotado invencible. La idea continental factor determinante de todos sus proyectos”. En: “Bolívar. Hombre del presente, nuncio del porvenir”. Auge, S. A. Editores. Lima – Perú.* SÁNCHEZ, LUIS ALBERTO. 1979: “Dictador a pesar suyo. La voluntad popular, ley suprema”. En: “Bolívar. Hombre del presente, nuncio del porvenir”. Auge, S. A. Editores. Lima – Perú.* SOCIEDAD BOLIVARIANA DE VENEZUELA. 1989: “Sonetos a Bolívar”. Biblioteca de la Sociedad Bolivariana de Venezuela Diversos. Caracas - Venezuela. 2 volúmenes. ISBN 980-300-985-0* SUBERO, EFRAÍN. 1983: “Bolívar escritor”. Cuadernos Lagoven. Serie Bicentenario. Lagoven S.A. Caracas - Venezuela. 275p.* TOVAR DONOSO, JULIO. 1979: “Nuncio del porvenir. Libertad y armonía simbiosis vital”. En: “Bolívar. Hombre del presente, nuncio del porvenir”. Auge, S. A. Editores. Lima – Perú.* VELÁSQUEZ, RAMÓN JOSÉ. 1988: “Los pasos de los héroes”. Edición Especial Homenaje del IPASME al Autor. Caracas - Venezuela. 393p. ISNB980-6122-01-1* VERNA, PAUL., Y CHRISTIAN. BOSSU-PICAT. 1983: “El mundo de Bolívar”. Ediciones Delroisse. Distribuidora Santiago. Caracas - Venezuela. 135p. ISBN 2-85518-097-X[edit] External links* History of Simon Bolivar * The Life of Simon Bolivar * The Louverture Project: Simón Bolívar - Information about the support Bolivar received from Haiti.The Presidential Army Ensign of Venezuela. Presidents of Venezuela The Coat of Arms of Venezuela. Mendoza | Bolívar | Bolívar | Páez | Vargas | Mariño | Carreño | Narvarte | Carreño | Soublette | Páez | Soublette | J.T. Monagas | J.G. Monagas | J.T. Monagas | Gual | J. Castro | Gual | Tovar | Gual | Páez | Falcón | Bruzual | Villegas | J.R. Monagas | Villegas | Guzmán | Linares | Varela | Guzmán | Crespo | Guzmán | H. López | Rojas | Andueza | Villegas | Crespo | Andrade | C. Castro | Gómez | Márquez | Gómez | J. Pérez | Gómez | E. López | Medina | Betancourt | Gallegos | Delgado Chalbaud | Suárez Flamerich | Pérez Jiménez | Larrazábal | Sanabria | Betancourt | Leoni | Caldera | C. Pérez | Herrera | Lusinchi | C. Pérez | Octavio Lepage | Velásquez | Caldera | Chávez | Carmona | Cabello | ChávezRetrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar"Catego ries: Simón Bolívar | People of the Venezuelan War of Independence | Presidents of Venezuela | Presidents of Bolivia | Presidents of Peru | Presidents of Greater Colombia | Venezuelan people | Venezuelan soldiers | Spanish-Venezuelans | History of Bolivia | History of Colombia | History of Ecuador | History of Peru | History of Panama | History of Venezuela | Revolutionaries | Roman Catholic politicians | Deaths by tuberculosis | People from Caracas | 1783 births | 1830 deaths Views* Article * Discussion * Edit this page * HistoryPersonal tools* Sign in / create accountNavigation* Main page * Contents * Featured content * Current events * Random articleinteraction* About Wikipedia * Community portal * Recent changes * Contact Wikipedia * Donate to Wikipedia * HelpSearch Toolbox* What links here * Related changes * Upload file * Special pages * Printable version * Permanent link * Cite this articleIn other languages* Bân-lâm-gú * ??????? * Aragonés * Asturianu * Az?rbaycan * ????? * Bân-lâm-gú * ?????????? 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