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Nobility is a government-privileged title which may be either hereditary, or for a lifetime.
Titles of nobility exist today in many countries although it is usually associated with present or former monarchies.
The term originally referred to those who were "known" or "notable" and was applied to the highest social class in pre-modern societies. In the feudal system (in Europe and elsewhere), the nobility were generally those who held a fief, often land and/or office, under vassalage, i.e. in exchange for allegiance and various, mainly military, services to the Monarch and at lower levels to another nobleman.
It rapidly came to be seen as a hereditary caste, sometimes associated with a right to bear a hereditary title and, for example in pre-revolutionary France, enjoying fiscal and other privileges.
Today, in most countries, "noble status" is a purely honorary dignity that confers no legal privileges; an important exception is the United Kingdom, where certain titles (titles of the peerage, until recently guaranteeing a seat in the Upper House of the UK Parliament, hence its name House of Lords), still confer some residual privileges.
Nobility is a historical, social and often legal notion, which should not be confused with socio-economic status which is mainly statistical based on income and possessions. Being wealthy or influential does not automatically make one a noble, nor are all nobles wealthy and influential (aristocratic families have lost their fortunes in various ways, and the concept of the 'poor nobleman' is almost as old as nobility itself).
Countries without a feudal tradition do not have a nobility as such; various republics, including the United States and Italy have expressly abolished titles of nobility.
Although many such societies have a privileged 'upper class' with great wealth and power, this does not entail a separate legal status, or different forms of address
Blue blood is an English expression recorded since 1834 for noble birth or descent; it is a translation of the Spanish phrase sangre azul, which described the Spanish royal familiy and other high nobility who claimed to be 'pure', free of Moorish or Jewish blood, being of Visigothic descent. There is no connection between the phrase and the actual blood color of nobility; however, in the ancient agricultural societies of Europe the whole upper class had superficial veins that might be more visible and appear bluish by comparison to the rest of the pale-pinkish skin, as the skin itself was not tanned. In contrast with the working class of the time (mainly peasants), nobility and in general upper class people did not have to work outdoors, and mostly lived sheltered from the sun by dwellings and attire. The same contrast could be observed between untanned upper-class Europeans—especially of Northern-European stock, whose skin tends to be less pigmented—and all social strata of Mediterranean populations with higher levels of genetically determined skin pigmentation. An alternative traditional explanation, argyria (a disease causing a blue-grey skin tone after digestion of silver), is considered less valid, as table silverware was not regularly used by much of the nobility. (Becket (film) dramatizes the introduction of the fork at the court of King Henry II od England).
Robert Lacey explains the genesis of the blue blood concept: "It was the Spaniards who gave the world the notion that an aristocrat's blood is not red but blue. The Spanish nobility started taking shape around the ninth century in classic military fashion, occupying land as warriors on horseback. They were to continue the process for more than five hundred years, clawing back sections of the peninsula from its Moorish occupiers, and a nobleman demonstrated his pedigree by holding up his sword arm to display the filigree of blue-blooded veins beneath his pale skin—proof that his birth had not been contaminated by the dark-skinned enemy. (Robert Lacey, Aristocrats. Little, Brown and Company, 1983, p. 67).Ranks and titles :
- Sovereign:
- Pope , Supreme Pontiff of the Universal Church and Vicar of God; the Pope is also the absolute ruler of the sovereign state The Vatican City
- Emperor, rules an empire
- Kaiser , rules an empire in the Astro-hungaro and Prussia Empire.
- Makoko , rules an empire in Central Africa
- Tsar (or Czar) in Serbian, Bulgarian, Russian, and Croatian, derives from Caesar, i.e. Emperor; although in its origins the title was meant to claim the imperial dignity, in its Russian and Bulgarian usages, at least, it has in more recent times been seen as only equivalent to King.
- Baba ti Kôdrô (Father of the nation), rules a Kingdom in Central Africa.
- Maharajah , In India, Nepal, (et cetera) "Maha" a prefix meaning highest, and in Maharajah a title meaning king of kings or emperor.
- Khan (Mongol, or Turkic) rules a khanate (mainly Asian, but also existed in Mongol/Turkic territory in Russia, Ukraine, and the Crimea).
- Caliph is an Islamic title indicating the successor to Muhammad, who is both a religious and a secular leader. A caliph rules a caliphate.
- Sultan, a Turkish title, rules a sultanate.
- Emir, another Islamic title, rules an emirate.
- King, rules a kingdom (sovereign kings are ranked above vassal kings).
- Rajah , In India, Nepal,(et cetera), title used for denoting the ruler of a kingdom.
- Grand Duke , ruling a grand duchy.
- Grand Prince , a title primarily used in the medieval Russian principalities as the title for the highest level.
- Prince, Fürst in German, ruling a principality.
- Kota Makundji (The Big Chief) in Central Africa, rules a principality
- Noble :
- Prince , Prinz in German; junior members of a sovereign or formerly sovereign family.
- Prince-elector , Kurfürst in German, electing the Holy Roman Emperor.
- Makundji (The Chief in Central Africa), ruling a duchy.
- Archduke , ruling an archduchy; was generally only a sovereign rank when used by the rulers of Austria; was also used by the Habsburgs of the Holy Roman Empire for members of the imperial family.
- Infante , title of the non-heir members of the royal families of Portugal and Spain.
- Duke , who rules a duchy.
- Marquess , Margrave , or Marquis was the ruler of a marquessate, margraviate, or march.
- Landgrave , a German title, ruler of a landgraviate.
- Count , theoretically the ruler of a county; known as an Earl in Britain.
- Viscount (vice-count), theoretically the ruler of a viscounty or viscountcy.
- Freiherr , holder of an allodial barony - these are "higher" level of barons.
- Baron , theoretically the ruler of a barony - some barons in some countries may have been "free barons" (liber baro) and as such, regarded (themselves) as higher barons.
- Aristocratic :
- Baronet is generally an inheritable knighthood; often or usually not noble but ranking below Baron and above Knight. Vidame , a minor French aristocrat. Fidalgo, a minor Portuguese aristocrat. Seigneur or Knight of the Manor rules a smaller local fief. Knight is the basic rank of the aristocratic system. Esquire is a rank of gentry originally derived from Squire and indicating the status of an attendant to a knight or an apprentice knight; it ranked below Knight but above Gentleman.
Imperial, royal, and princely styles :
- Emperors and Empresses enjoyed the style of His/Her Imperial Majesty (HIM).
- Members of imperial families were generally styled His/Her Imperial Highness (HIH).
- * In Austria, the members of the Imperial family, due to their status as also members of the royal family of the Apostolic Kingdom of Hungary, held the style of Imperial and Royal Highness (HI&RH), but actually traditionally the other way around: "königliche und kaiserliche Hoheit".
- * Also in the German Empire, the other 'heir' to the Holy Roman empire, the Emperor and Empress would be addressed as Imperial and Royal Majesty because of their ruling over the Kingdom of Prussia and the German Empire.
- * In Russia, children and male-line grandchildren of the Emperor had the style of Imperial Highness (HIH). Male-line great-grandchildren held the style of Highness (HH). Also, the eldest son of any person who held the style of Highness also held the style of Highness. All other male-line descendants held the style Serenity, often translated as Serene Highness (HSH ) . Some Russian noble princes also hold the style of Serenity; all others and Russian Counts hold the style of Illustriousness, often translated as Illustrious Highness (HIllH).
- Kings and Queens have the style of Majesty (HM). Some, throughout history have also used Royal Majesty (HRM)
- Members of royal families (Princes and Princesses) generally have the style of Royal Highness (HRH), although in some royal families (for instance, Denmark), more junior princes and princesses only bear the style of His or Her Highness (HH).
- Reigning Grand Dukes and Grand Duchesses hold the style of Royal Highness (HRH).
- The styles of members of Grand Ducal families have been inconsistent. In Luxembourg, more senior members of the family have also been Royal Highnesses, but only due to their status as Bourbon princes of Parma. In Baden and Hesse-Darmstadt, junior members held the style of Grand Ducal Highness (HGDH). Members of other grand ducal families generally held the style of Highness (HH).
- Reigning Dukes and Duchesses bore the style of Highness (HH), as did other members of ducal families.
- Junior members of some ducal families bore the style of Ducal Serene Highness (HDSH), although it fell out of fashion.
- The Elector of Hesse-Kassel also bore the style of Highness, as did other members of the Hesse-Kassel family.
- Mediatized Dukes and reigning and mediatized Fürsten and Fürstinnen ("Princes" and "Princesses") bear the style of Serene Highness (HSH, German Durchlaucht), as do other members of princely families. Members of reigning princely families are also styled Serene Highness (HSH).
- Mediatized Counts and Countesses bear the style of Illustrious Highness ( HIllH , German Erlaucht).
Source: Re-written and completed from Wikipedia