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Layouts,Codes,Graphics Designed By: Suckafreelayouts.comil 24 giugno 1859 il giovane ginevrino Henry Dunant,assistendo agli effetti dell'atroce battaglia di Solferino,rimase impressionato dallo stato di totale abbandono dei soldati feriti.Ricorrendo alla collaborazione della vicina Castiglione organizzò un'azione di soccorso dei feriti e dei moribondi,con altri quattro amici Gustave Moynier,Henry Dufour,Louis Appia & Theodore Maunoir,che sopperisse all'insufficienza dei servizi della sanità militare.Dunant riuscì a sensibilizzare al problema l'opinione pubblica e dei regnanti ,giungendo così alla convocazione di una Conferenza internazionale che si tenne a Ginevra nell'ottobre 1863 in questa occasione vi presero parte 16 Governi che il 29 ottobre dello stesso anno,firmarono la PRIMA CARTA FONDAMENTALE contenente 10 risoluzioni che definiscono le funzioni ed i mezzi dei comitati di soccorso.i tre punti focali della CARTA sono 1) la creazione in ogni paese di una società di Soccorso ai feriti in tempo di guerra,che sia ausiliaria ai servizi della sanità militare. 2) la formazione di infermieri volontari che operassero all'interno di queste società di Soccorso. 3)l'adozione di un segno distintivo uguale per tutto il personale sanitario,a qualunque parte belligerante operasse. In omaggio alla Svizzera,che aveva favorito l'attuazione delle idee di Dunant,come simbolo distintivo venne adottata una croce rossa in campo bianco,invertendo i colori della bandiera elvetica.Tuttavia,questo distintivo è facile da improvvisare sul campo di battaglia con materiali di fortuna. Nel febbraio del 1864 scoppia la guerra tra la Danimarca e la Prussia. È la prima occasione per le Società Nazionali di Soccorso per intervenire in aiuto dei feriti e delle vittime da entrambi le parti, ma si rendono subito conto della difficoltà di intervento e della necessità di un serio impegno da parte degli stati circa la protezione del personale e delle strutture dedite alla cura delle vittime e dei feriti di guerra.Così nel 1864 Una Conferenza Diplomatica a Ginevra adottò la Convenzione per il miglioramento della sorte dei soldati feriti degli eserciti di campagna.Succesivamente nel 1876,la Turchia preferì adottare il simbolo della Mezzaluna Rossa in quanto la croce era fraintesa dai soldati di religione musulmana.il DIRITTO INTERNAZIONALE UMANITARIO (D.I.U.) è l'insieme di questi trattati;questa branca del Diritto Internazionale Pubblico ha lo scopo di imporre alla guerra delle regole umanitarie,sottoponendola a limitazioni. 7 PRINCIPI FONDAMENTALI DELLA CROCE ROSSA: Umanità Imparzialità Neutralità Indipendenza Volontariato Unità Universalità .The creation of the Red Cross was spurred by the publication of Un Souvenir de Solférino (1862), an account by Jean Henri Dunant of the suffering endured by the wounded at the battle of Solferino in 1859. Dunant, a Swiss citizen, urged the formation of voluntary aid societies for relief of such war victims. He also asked that service to military sick and wounded be neutral.The Société genovoise d'Utilité publique, a Swiss welfare agency, actively seconded Dunant's suggestion, the result being the formation (1863) of the organization that became known as the Red Cross. The next year, delegates from 16 nations met in Switzerland, and the Geneva Convention of 1864 for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick of Armies in the Field was adopted and signed by 12 of the nations represented. It provided for the neutrality of the medical personnel of armed forces, the humane treatment of the wounded, the neutrality of civilians who voluntarily assisted them, and the use of an international emblem to mark medical personnel and supplies. In honor of Dunant's nationality, a red cross on a white background—the Swiss flag with colors reversed—was chosen as this symbol.The original Geneva Convention, its subsequent revisions, and allied treaties such as the Hague Convention for naval forces and the Prisoner of War Convention have been signed (although not always ratified) by almost all countries and their dependencies. The International Committee of the Red Cross was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1917, 1944, and, with the League of Red Cross Societies, in 1963.The Red Crescent, which was first used by the Ottoman Empire in 1876, was formally recognized by the League of Red Cross Societies in 1929. Iran used the Red Lion and Sun, formally recognized in 1949, until 1980. The adoption of the Red Crystal symbol in 2005 (effective in 2007), although occurring primarily as a means to provide an emblem under which Israel's Magen David Adom could become a full member (2006) of the international movement, also established a neutral emblem that could be used by any national society that preferred to avoid using the Christian cross or Islamic crescent. The blanket agency for all Red Cross groups, formerly known as the International Red Cross, changed its name in 1986 to the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement in order to encompass a number of branches in Islamic nations. It sponsors the International Red Cross Conference (instituted 1867), the highest deliberative body of the organization. The conference meets every four years, and its membership consists of representatives from each national society and from several international committees. There are national Red Cross societies in over 180 countries of the world, each a self-governing organization, and two international groups with headquarters in Geneva: the International Committee of the Red Cross (established in 1863), composed of 25 Swiss citizens and serving as a neutral intermediary in time of war, with special interest in the welfare of prisoners of war; and the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (founded as the League of Red Cross Societies in 1919), a federation of national societies for mutual help, cooperation, and program development, especially in time of peace. All societies are supported by membership fees and popular subscriptions, and a number receive government subsidies in addition.The work of the Red Cross has been greatly expanded since the end of World War II, and it has moved into many fields. It has taken on extensive refugee relief activities, helping to care for refugees of warfare, drought, and ethnic conflicts all over the world, including Hungary (1956), Somalia (1992), Rwanda (1994), and the former Yugoslavia (throughout the 1990s). During the Korean War, the International Red Cross suggested (1952) the first exchange of prisoners and sick and wounded combatants. The group also coordinated international relief efforts following natural disasters, such as the massive cyclone and storm surge that hit East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) in 1970 and left almost a half million dead, the hurricane that hit Honduras in 1974, and the earthquakes in Armenia (1988) and Turkey (1999).
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