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"HOW TO CONTROL THE BLACK MAN FOR AT LEAST 300 YEARS" BY WILLIE LYNCH, 1712We, as a people who have been fractured, divided and destroyed because of our division, now must move toward a perfect union. Let's look at a speech, delivered by a white slave holder on the banks of the James River in 1712, 68 years before our former slave masters permitted us to join the Christian faith. Listen to what he said. He said, "In my bag, I have a foolproof method of controlling black slaves. I guarantee every one of you, if installed correctly, it will control the slaves for at least 300 years. My method is simple. Any member of your family or your overseer can use it. I have outlined a number of differences among the slaves, and I take these differences and I make them bigger. I use fear, distrust and envy for control purposes." I want you to listen. What are those three things? Fear, envy, distrust. For what purpose? Control. To control who? The slave. Who is the slave? Us. Listen. "Now, don't forget, you must pitch the old black male against the young black male and the young black male against the old black male. You must use the female against the male, and you must use the male against the female. You must use the dark-skinned slave against the light-skinned slave and the light-skinned slave against the dark-skinned slave."He said, "These methods have worked on my modest plantation in the West Indies,and they will work throughout the South. Now, take this simple little list, and think about it. On the top of my list is Age, but it's only there because it starts with an A, and the second is color or shade.There's intelligence, sex, size of plantation, status of plantation, attitude of owners, whether the slaves live in the valley or on a hill, north, east, south or west, have fine hair or coarse hair, or is tall or short. Now that you have a list of differences, I shall give you an outline of action. But before that, I shall assure you that distrust is stronger than trust, and envy is stronger than adulation, respect, or admiration. The black slave, after receiving this indoctrination, shall carry it on and will become self-refueling and self-generating for hundreds of years, maybe thousands of years. Now, don't forget, you must pitch the old black male against the young black male and the young black male against the old black male. You must use the female against the male, and you must use the male against the female. You must use the dark-skinned slave against the light-skinned slave and the light-skinned slave against the dark-skinned slave. You must also have your white servants and overseers distrust all blacks. But it is necessary that your slaves trust and depend on us. They must love, respect, and trust only us. Gentlemen, these keys are your keys to control. Use them. Never miss an opportunity. And if used intensely for one year, the slaves themselves will remain perpetually distrustful. Thank you, gentlemen."
Biography Angela Davis was born in Birmingham, Alabama in 1944 to two college educated parents. Her father briefly taught high school but left and opened a service station. Her childhood was filled with humilation from racial segregation. She was able to go through school quick entering junior year at 14. She applied to early admission programs at Fisk University and American Friends Service Committee but passed both too go to Little Red School House(private owned school favored by radical communitie). At the Little Red School house she began to be exposed to socialism and was recruted to the Young Communist Group. There she met her life long friend Bettina Aptheker. Upon Graduating High School she was awarded a full scholorship to Brandeis University where she was one of 3 Black Freshman. Angela met Herbert Marcus at a rally during the Cuban Missle Crisis and later became his student. She spent a summer in Europe attending the eighth World Festival for Youth and Students in Helsinki where she was impressed by the Cuban Delegation. Nearing completion of her French language degree she took a strong interest in philosophy. Davis began making plans to attend the University of Frankfurt for graduate work in philosophy. In west germany she housed with a sympathetic family as she attended college. Many of her peers were in the German Socialist Student League and Angela Davis participated. Davis was eager to get back though and participate with the Black Panthers. While on her way to California she stopped at London to see a conference headed by Stokey Carmichael and Michael X. Davis was dissapointed with their black nationalism and dismisal of communism. Once in San Diego, she earned a masters degree from the University of California, San Diego returning to Germany for her Ph.D. in Philosophy from the Humboldt University of Berlin. While working at the University of California, Los Angelas she became a feminist, member of the Communist Party USA and associated herself to the Black Panther Party. She was fired in 1969 for being a member of the communist party but was later rehired after a huge backlash against the college. Davis gained much fame from being the third woman to be placed on the FBI's Most Wanted List. She was charged with conspiracy, kidnapping, and homicide becuase of alleged participation in an escape attempt from Marin County Hall of Justice. She evaded the police for 2 months until being captured and put on trial. 18 months later she was aquited of all charges. While in prison Davis got along well with the inmates and helping them initiate a bail program. Davis was segregated from the rest of the prison in horrible conditions but was able to get a court order to stop the practice. Davis continued her activism and has written several books. She is strongly against the Us Prison System and wishes to aboloish it and instead focusing on why so many blacks and hispanics are incarcenated. In 1980 and 1985 she ran as vice president on the Communist Ticket. In 1995 she rallied against the million man march saying that the exclusion of women was because of male chauvinism. She currently works at the University of California, Santa Cruz. Impact Angela Davis was able to elevate herself to a very high political position despite being a double minority(black woman). She was able to apply her communist beleifs to social issues like feminism and prisoner rights. Many young radicals at her for inspiration. Unlike other black communist leaders she was able to put herself to more practical use by running as vice president and becoming a college profesor. Angela also was able to show non traditional beauty by wearing an afro. This is in contrast to eurocentric hairstyles. Also she was able to maintain a life of activism after the 60s movement and focussing on many issues. One of the most encouraging things is that she still has many years left to participate in activism.Huey Percy Newton (February 17, 1942 – August 22, 1989), was co-founder and inspirational leader of the Black Panther Party, a Black organization that existed in the 1960s and '80s. Newton was born in Monroe, Louisiana, the seventh and youngest child in his family, from Armelia and Walter Newton, a sharecropper and Baptist minister. He was named after Louisiana governor Huey Long. Newton's family moved to Oakland, California when he was three. Despite "completing" his secondary education at Oakland Technical High School, Newton still did not know how to read. During his course of self-study, he struggled to read Plato's Republic, which he managed to understand after persistently reading it through five times. This success, he told an interviewer,was the spark that caused him to become a reader. He attended Merritt College, earning an Associate of Arts degree and also studied law at Oakland City College and at San Francisco Law School. One of his professors was Edwin Meese III, future Attorney General of the United States under the Reagan Administration. Newton said he studied law to deal with police because he witnessed frequent abuse of power by them. There were times however when he mis-directed his rage. In 1964, he was convicted of assault with a deadly weapon after stabbing a man at a party, and was sentenced to six months in the Alameda County jail. While at Oakland City College, Newton had become involved in politics in the Bay Area, located in California. He joined the Afro-American Association, became a member of Phi Beta Sigma Fraternity, Inc., and played a role in getting the first black history course adopted as part of the college's curriculum. He read the works of Frantz Fanon, Malcolm X, Mao Tse-tung, and Che Guevara. It was during his time at Oakland City College that Newton, along with Bobby Seale, organized the Black Panther Party for Self Defense in October 1966, with Seale as chairman and Newton as minister of defense. Newton and Seale decided early on that the police abuse of power 'must be stopped' in Oakland against African-Americans. From his college study of law, Newton understood the California penal code and the state's law regarding weapons and was thus able to convince a number of African-Americans to exercise their legal right to openly bear arms (concealed firearms were illegal). Members of the Black Panther Party carrying rifles and shotguns began patrolling areas where the Oakland police were said to commit crimes against the community's black citizens. This program was widely supported in the African American community for its efforts to stop reported racial crimes by their local police. In addition to patrolling, Newton and Seale were responsible for writing the Black Panther Party Platform and Program, which drew largely upon Newton’s Maoist influences. Newton was also instrumental in the creation of a breakfast program that fed hundreds of children of the local communities before they went to school each day. Former Panther Earl Anthony said the party was created with the goal to organize America for armed Maoist revolution to change the social situation to help black people. For Black Panthers this meant the realignment of economic policies in the United States to benefit everyone (including other races) who were being crushed under the weight of American big-business capitalism. In the predawn hours of October 28, 1967, Newton was stopped by Oakland police officer John Frey who attempted to disarm and discourage the patrols. But, after fellow officer Herbert Heanes arrived for backup, shots were fired, with all three individuals wounded. Frey was hit four times and died within an hour, while Heanes was in serious condition with three bullet wounds. Newton, also being hit by gunfire, but apparently not as seriously wounded, staggered into the city's Kaiser Hospital. He was admitted, but shocked to find himself chained to his bed. Accused of murdering Frey, Newton was convicted in September, 1968 of "voluntary manslaughter", and was sentenced from 2 to 15 years in prison. In May, 1970 the California Appellate Court reversed Newton's conviction, and ordered a new trial. The State of California dropped its case against Newton after two subsequent mistrials. While Newton had been imprisoned, party membership had decreased significantly in several cities. The FBI had been actively involved in a campaign to eliminate the Black Panthers 'community outreach' programs such as free breakfasts for children, sickle-cell disease tests, and free food and shoes. Newton earned a bachelor's degree from University of California, Santa Cruz in 1974. He was enrolled as a graduate student in History of Consciousness at UC Santa Cruz in 1978, when he arranged (while in prison) to take a reading course from famed evolutionary biologist Robert Trivers. He and Trivers became close friends. Trivers and Newton published an influential analysis of the role of flight crew self-deception in crash of Air Florida Flight 90. On August 22, 1989, Newton was shot and killed by a man known for drug dealing in Oakland.Media reports theorized Newton had become involved in drug dealing and was shot during a 'drug deal gone sour.'Rosa Parks(1913–2005), American civil rights activist. Born in Tuskegee, Ala., on Feb. 4, 1913, Rosa McCauley married Raymond Parks (1903–77) in 1932. She worked as a seamstress, among other jobs, and he was a barber. Both were active members of the NATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF COLORED PEOPLE (q.v.; NAACP), and in 1943 she became secretary of the NAACP’s Montgomery, Ala., branch.Montgomery Bus Boycott.On Dec. 1, 1955, while riding home from work in Montgomery, Parks refused to give up her bus seat to a white male passenger and was charged with violating the segregation laws. Her arrest, detention, and conviction—the fine was $10, plus $4 in court costs—sparked a year-long boycott of the bus system by Montgomery’s black community, led by a young Baptist minister, Martin Luther King, Jr. As the boycott continued, the segregation laws were successfully challenged in federal court, and the city’s buses were officially desegregated in December 1956. By that time, however, both she and her husband had lost their jobs and suffered repeated threats and harassment.Later Career.In 1957 the Parks family moved to Detroit, Mich., where she remained active in civil rights causes. In 1965 she joined the staff of U.S. Congressman John Conyers, Jr. (1929– ), working as an assistant in his Detroit office until her retirement in 1988. A year earlier, she had founded the Rosa and Raymond Parks Institute for Self-Development, a nonprofit organization offering support and career guidance to young blacks.Sometimes called the mother of America’s civil rights movement, Parks has received numerous honors, including the NAACP’s Spingarn Medal (1979) and the Congressional Gold Medal (1999). Groundbreaking took place in April 1998 for the Rosa Parks Library and Museum of Troy State University Montgomery, located on the spot of her 1955 arrest; the facility opened to the public in December 2000.Dr. Martin Luther King Jr1929 • Born in Atlanta, Georgia on January 15 to Alberta Williams King and Rev. Martin Luther King, Sr.1935-1944 • Dr. King attended and finished his early education at David T. Howard Elementary School and Atlanta University Laboratory School. He attended Booker T. Washington High School and left before graduation due to his acceptance and early admission in Atlanta's Morehouse College program for advanced placement In the Fall of 1944. He was 15 years of age.1942• James Farmer organized C.O.R.E. (The Congress of Racial Equality), Spring, 1942.1943• The first lunch counter sit-ins took place in Chicago, Illinois at Jack Spratt's Coffee Shop, May 14, 1943.1945• The Japanese surrendered on September 2, 1945, ending World War II.• Ebony magazine published its first issue on November 1, 1945.1946• The U.S. Supreme Court banned segregation in interstate bus travel on June 3, 1946.• Race riots occurred in Athens, Alabama on Aug 10 and in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on September 29, 1946. • The National Committee on Civil Rights was created by President Harry Truman to investigate racism in America, December 5, 1946.1947 • "Freedom Riders" made up of an interracial group tested the laws of interstate bus travel in the segregated South, April 9, 1947.• Jackie Robinson became the first African-American to play major league baseball as a third baseman for the Brooklyn Dodgers club, April 15, 1947.• Dr. King decided to become a minister and delivered his first prepared sermon in his father's church, Ebenezer Baptist Church in Atlanta, at age 18 in the Summer of 1947.• President Truman's Committee on Civil Rights condemned racial injustices towards Blacks in America. A report was issued on October 29, 1947, entitled "To Secure These Rights."1948 • A. Philip Randolph pointed the way for nonviolent protest to segregation in the U.S. Armed Forces, March 31, 1948.• Dr. King was ordained as a Baptist minister and received his B.A. degree in Sociology from Morehouse College in June at the age of 19. In September he entered Crozer Theological Seminary in Chester, Pennsylvania.• Inspired by the preachings of Dr. A.J. Muste and Dr. Mordecai Johnson on the life and teachings of Mahatma Gandhi, Dr. King was moved to study intensely Gandhi's writings and movement while still a student at Crozer Theological Seminary, September 1948 - June 1951.1949 • William L. Dawson, Democratic Congressman from Illinois, became the first Black to head a standing committee in Congress as Chairperson of the House Expenditures Committee, January 18, 1949.• Judge William H. Hastie was named Judge of U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals, October 15, 1949.1950 • Dr. Charles Drew, the father of the blood bank, died April 1, 1950.• Dr. Carter G. Woodson, the father of black history, died April 3, 1950. • Gwendolyn Brooks was awarded a Pulitzer Prize for her poetry, May 1, 1950.• Dr. Ralph J. Bunche received the Nobel Peace Prize for his mediations in the Palestine dispute. He became the first Black to receive a Nobel citation, September 22, 1950.1951 • Dr. King graduated from Crozer Theological Seminary with his B.D. degree at age 22 in June, 1951.• Dr. Ralph J. Bunche was appointed Undersecretary of the United Nations, the highest ranking American in the U.N. Secretariat, December 25, 1951.1953 • Dr. King married Coretta Scott, June 18, 1953.• The first bus boycott started in Baton Rouge, Louisiana in this year on June 19, 1953. • Riots erupted in Chicago at Thrumbull Park Housing project site on August 4, 1953.1954 • On May 17, 1954, the U.S Supreme Court, in a landmark decision, ruled unanimously in Brown vs Board of Education that racial segregation in the public schools of America was unconstitutional.• Mary Church Terrell, outstanding black civil rights activist, died on July 24, 1954.• Benjamin O. Davis, Jr. became first black general in the U.S. Air Force, October 27, 1954.• Dr. King became the pastor of Dexter Avenue Church in Montgomery, Alabama on October 31, 1954.1955• Marion Anderson became the first black to sing at the Metropolitan Opera House in New York City, January 7, 1955.• Roy Wilkins became the executive director of the NAACP on April 11, 1955, succeeding Walter White, who died on March 21, 1955.• Mary McLeod Bethune, educator and civil rights leader, died on May 18, 1955.• The U.S. Supreme Court ordered desegregation of the public schools "with all deliberate speed" on May 31, 1955. This order implemented the May 17, 1954 decision.• Dr. King received his Ph.D in Systematic Theology from Boston University on June 5, 1955.• Emmett Till, age 14, was lynched and brutally defaced in Money, Mississippi on August 28, 1955.• Dr. King's first child was born - Yolanada Denise (born in Montgomery, Alabama, November 17, 1955).• The Interstate Commerce Commission banned segregation in buses and all waiting rooms involved in interstate travel, November 25, 1955.• Mrs. Rosa Parks, a 42 year old seamstress, refused to give up her seat to a white passenger on a Montgomery bus and was arrested. Dr. King became involved in the incident. As a means of protest the Montgomery Improvement Association was organized, December 4, 1955. Dr. King was elected president. On December 5, 1955, the famous boycott was started. This was the catalytic event which started Dr. King on the road to become America's crusader and most famous civil rights leader.1956 • Dr. King's home was bombed January 30, 1956 - no one was hurt.• On February 21, 1956, a suit was filed in U.S. District Court asking that Montgomery's segregation laws be declared unconstitutional. On June 4 the U.S. District Court ruled that racial segregation on the city bus line was unconstitutional. On November 13, the U.S. Supreme Court affirmed this ruling prohibiting segregation on buses by declaring Alabama's laws unconstitutional. Montgomery's victory came on December 21, 1956 when, for the first time, black passengers could legally take any seat on the city's buses. Public buses were finally desegregated.• On Deceber 27, 1956, Tallahassee, Florida followed and desegregated its buses after a six month boycott.1957 • An unexploded bomb was discovered on Dr. King's front porch on January 27, 1957.• On January 12, mostly concerned ministers, labor leaders, lawyers, and activists got together and formed the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) in an effort to gain information and strategy for ending segregation in their cities and towns. The meeting was held in New Orleans, Louisiana, and Dr. King was elected president, February 14, 1957.• The Congress of the United States passed the Civil Rights Act of 1957 on September 9, 1957. This was the first civil rights legislation since 1875.• President Eisenhower sent in federal troops to enforce court-ordered integration of Little Rock Arkansas' schools. Nine black students were escorted into the school by court order on September 24 and 25, 1957.• Martin Luther King III was born on October 23, 1957.1958 • Dr. King published his book, Stride Toward Freedom: The Montgomery Story (New York: Harper and Brothers, September 17, 1958). Dr. King was almost killed by a deranged black woman, who stabbed him as he was autographing his new book in a department store in Harlem, New York, September 20, 1958.1959 • Dr. King and Coretta went to India as a guest of Prime Minister Nehru in efforts to study and learn more about Gandhi's philosophy and techniques of nonviolence from February 2 through March 10, 1959.• Dr. King published his book, The Measure of a Man (Philadelphia: Christian Education Press, 1959).1960 • The sit-in demonstrations gained strength, with Greensboro, North Carolina's Woolworth's lunch counter as their focal point, February 1, 1960.• The city of San Antonio, Texas became the first major southern city to integrate its lunch counters due to the sit-in demonstrations on March 16, 1960.• The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) was formally organized, mainly as a college student protest group. Its founding date was April 15, 1960 at Shaw University in Raleigh, North Carolina.• President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed the Civil Rights Act of 1960 into law on May 6, 1960.• Dr. King was arrested for breaking the state of Georgia's trespassing law while picketing. He was transferred to Reidsville State Prison but was released on $2000 bond on October 19, 1960.1961 • Dexter Scott, Dr. King's third child was born January 30, 1961.• C.O.R.E. (Congress of Racial Equality) tested the newly established interstate desegregation laws. An integrated group of Freedom Riders left Washington, DC on Greyhound buses, and, upon arrival near Anniston, Alabama, the bus was burned, and the riders were beaten, May 4, 1961.• Thurgood Marshall, chief counsel for the NAACP, was appointed to the Second Circuit Court of Appeals by President John F. Kennedy on September 1, 1961.1962 • Riots broke out on the campus at the University of Mississippi, requiring 12,000 federal marshals to restore order when James Meredith enrolled at the Oxford Campus under court order on September 30, 1962.1963• Dr. King's forth child, Bernice Albertine, was born March 28, 1963.• Birmingham, Alabama police chief, Eugene "Bull" Connor, became a symbol of extreme racism when he broadcast to the entire world his methods of stopping the Black protest movement. He used dogs and fire hoses on peaceful marchers, among them young children and women, April 3, 1963.• Sit-in demonstrations were held in Birmingham, Alabama to protest public accommodations in eating facilities. Dr. King was arrested during one of the demonstrations, April 12, 1963.• In a moment of reflection, Dr. King, while in his Birmingham cell, wrote about his concerns and criticism on the pace of justice in civil rights for Black Americans. These thoughts were expressed in his moving "Letter from a Birmingham Jail," April 16, 1963.• Governor George Wallace stood in the door of the University of Alabama, refusing the entrance of Black students, June 11, 1963.• Civil Rights Leader Medgar Evers was assassinated in front of his home in Jackson, Mississippi on June 12, 1963.• On August 28, 1963, after meeting with President John F. Kennedy, Dr. King delivered his famous "I Have a Dream" speech on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial to a crowd estimated at 250,000.• Dr. King published his book, The Strength to Love (Harper and Row Publishers, September 1, 1963).• The Sixteenth Street Baptist Church in Birmingham, Alabama became the site of a viscous attack on Sunday, September 15, 1963. Four little girls were killed when a bomb exploded inside the church where the children were seated. Dr. King performed a eulogy for three of the girls on September 18.• President Kennedy was assassinated on November 22, 1963.1964 • Time Magazine honored Dr. King as "Man of the Year" with a feature story and cover photo, January 3, 1964.• Dr. King published his book, Why We Can't Wait (New American Library Publishers, June 4, 1964).• A new plank in the civil rights movement started with Black and White students, called the Council of Federated Organizations (COFO). They initiated massive voter-registration drives in the Summer of 1964.• Dr. King was present at the White House while President Lyndon B. Johnson signed the Public Accommodation and Fair Employment sections to the Civil Rights Act of 1964 on July 2, 1964.• Three civil rights workers, James Chaney (black) and Andrew Goodman and Michael Schwerner (both white) were killed on a trip through Philadelphia, Mississippi, August 4, 1964.• On December 10, 1964, Dr. King received the Nobel Peace Prize in Oslo, Norway.1965 • Malcolm X was assassinated in New York City on February 21, 1965.• The Edmund Pettus Bridge incident took place in Selma, Alabama. The marchers were billy-clubbed, tear-gassed, and whipped with cattle prods, March 7, 1965.• The Selma to Montgomery March, which took in over 25,000 marchers, was held from March 21 to 25, 1965, with the protection of federal troops. A white civil rights worker, Mrs. Viola Liuzzo was killed driving some of the black marchers back to Selma on March 25, 1965.• The 1965 Voting Rights Act was signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson, August 6, 1965.• The Watts Riots erupted in California, August 11 and 12, 1965. The National Guard was called in to stop America's worst single racial disturbance. Thirty-five people died.1966 • Robert C. Weaver became the first Black to serve in the cabinet of our nation. He was sworn in as Secretary of Housing and Urban Affairs, January 13, 1966.• The Supreme Court of the United States ruled that any poll tax levied was unconstitutional, March 7, 1966.• Dr. King came out against our government's policy in Vietnam May 16, 1966.• James Meredith was shot on a 220 mile "March Against Fear" from Memphis, Tennessee to Jackson Mississippi on June 6, 1966.• SNCC leader Stokely Carmichael used the then-militant term, "Black Power," in public for the first time in Greenwood, Mississippi, June 27, 1966.• The National Guard was called in when Summer Riots, between July 18-23, 1966, broke out in Omaha, Nebraska, Chicago, Illinois, Cleveland and Dayton, Ohio.• Dr. King marched on the issue for open housing in Chicago and was stoned by an angry crowd on August 6, 1966.• Edward Brooke, Republican of Massachusetts, was elected as a United States Senator, the first Black senator since Reconstruction, November 8, 1966.1967 • Dr. King published his book, Where Do We Go from Here? Chaos or Community (Harper and Row Publishers, January 1967).• Summer riots took the lives of forty-three, including 324 injured in Detroit, Michigan. Twenty-three died and 725 were injured in the Newark, New Jersey riots. Dr. King, Roy Wilkins, and Whitney Young, Jr. came out in an appeal to stop the riots that took place from May 1 through October 1, 1967.• Thurgood Marshall was confirmed by United States Senate to sit as an Associate Justice and first Black on the U.S. Supreme Court, June 23, 1967.1968 • The National Advisory Committee on Civil Disorders (known as the Kerner Commission) came out with a statement concerning racism and riots in America on March 2, 1968.• Dr. King went to Memphis, Tennessee to lead a march in support of striking sanitation workers, April 3, 1968.• Dr. King delivered his last speech, entitled "I've Been to the Mountain Top," at the Mason Temple, the national headquarters of the Church of God in Christ, in Memphis, Tennessee, on April 3, 1968.• On April 4, 1968, Dr. King's life was ended by an assassin's s bullet while he was on the balcony of the Lorraine Motel in Memphis, Tennessee.• On April 5, President Lyndon B. Johnson decreed that Sunday, April 7, 1968 be a day of national mourning in honor of Dr. King.• His body was viewed by mourners on the campus of Spelman College in Atlanta, Georgia, April 7, 1968. His funeral was eulogized at Ebenezer Baptist Church, Atlanta on April 9, 1968. He was laid to rest at the South View Cemetery. More than 300,000 people marched through Atlanta with his horse-drawn coffin, April 9, 1968.• In the midst of the sadness of 1968, President Johnson signed another piece of civil rights legislation banning racial discrimination in the sale and rental of housing to Blacks and minorities, April 11, 1968.• On June 5, 1968, Robert Kennedy, the brother of the late president, John F. Kennedy, was assassinated in Los Angeles while campaigning for the presidency of the United States.• Dr. King's assassin was identified as James Earl Ray, who was arrested at a London airport on June 8, 1968. Ray was later sentenced to 99 years in prison for this crime on May 10, 1969. He died in prison of liver failure on April 23, 1998.• Shirley Chisholm of Bedford-Stuyvesant, Brooklyn, New York became the first black woman elected to Congress, November 5, 1968.Malcom X1925 May 19 - Malcolm Little is born in Omaha, Nebraska to father and Baptist preacher, Earl Little and mother, Louise Little.1926 The Little’s move to Milwaukee, Wisconsin.1927 Earl Little becomes the leader of the UNIA chapter in Indiana Harbor, Indiana.1928 The Little’s buy a home in Lansing, Michigan.1929 November 7 – The Little home is set on fire and burned down.1931 September 28 – Earl Little dies after he was run over by a streetcar. It is rumored that he was murdered by a white supremacist group.1939 January 9 – Louise Little is committed to the State Mental Hospital in Kalamazoo after she is declared mentally insane. August – Malcolm is sent to the Michigan State Detention Home.September – Malcolm begins school at Mason High School in Mason, Michigan.1940 Malcolm is placed in foster care.1941 Malcolm moves to Boston to live with his paternal half sister.1943 March - Moves to New York City, and begins working for the New Haven Railroad. After being fired from New Haven, Malcolm works as a waiter in Harlem.October – U.S. Army determines that he is not qualified to serve in the army.Malcolm begins selling drugs, playing the numbers, and hustling.1944 November 9 – Malcolm is indicted for larceny and is given a three month suspended sentence. He is placed on probation for one year.1946 January 12 – Malcolm is arrested in Boston for larceny, carrying firearms, and breaking and entering.February 27 – Begins serving 8-10 year prison sentence in Charleston, Massachusetts. Malcolm begins reading in prison.1948 Malcolm learns about the teachings of Elijah Muhammad.1952 August 7 - Malcolm is released from prison and placed on parole. Moves to Detroit where he lives with his brother and works as a furniture salesman.1953 February - Begins attending Nation of Islam meetings. Moves to Chicago and lives with Elijah Mohammad. September – Becomes the minister of the Nation of Islam Boston Temple No. 11.1954 Becomes the minister of New York Temple No. 7.1955 Becomes the minister of Philadelphia Temple No. 12.1956 August 25 - Lectures to Nation of Islam members at the Southern Goodwill Tour of the Brotherhood of Islam in Atlanta, Georgia.1958 January 14 – Malcolm marries Betty X (Sanders) in Lansing, Michigan.August 1 – Speaks at a Nation of Islam street meeting in Manhattan.November – Malcolm’s daughter, Attilah, is born.1959 July 5 - Malcolm travels to Egypt, Mecca, Iran, Syria, and Ghana as an ambassador for the Nation of Islam. The television documentary, “The Hate That Hate Produced†features the Nation of Islam and Malcolm X.1925 - 19651960 September 21 – Meets with Fidel Castro at the Hotel Theresa in Harlem.December – Malcolm’s daughter, Qubilah, is born.1961 March 24 – Malcolm debates Walter Carrington of the NAACP at Harvard Law School.May 13 – Malcolm is the speaker at the Nation of Islam Freedom Rally in Manhattan.1962 May 20 - Malcolm speaks at a rally held at the Park Manor Auditorium.Malcolm learns that Elijah Muhammad is an adulterer who has children with three former secretaries.July - Malcolm’s third daughter, Llyasah, is born.1963 February 13 – Serves as leader of a Muslim demonstration in Times Square.May – James Baldwin interviews Malcolm on television.June – Kenneth Clark interviews Malcolm on television.August 28 – Malcolm attends the March on Washington as an observer. He is critical of the event stating that he does not understand why blacks are excited about the demonstration since it is “run by whites in front of a statue of a president who has been dead for a hundred years and who didn’t like us when he was alive.â€August 10 – Speaks in Harlem at Unity rally.October 22 – Speaks at Wayne state University in Detroit.December 1 – After John F. Kennedy is assassinated, Malcolm makes his controversial speech about the “chickens coming home to roost†at a Nation of Islam rally held in New York.December 4 – Because of Malcolm’s statement about the assassination of Kennedy, Elijah Muhammad restricts him from speaking for ninety days.1964 January – Begins collaboration with Alex Haley on his autobiography.March 26 – Meets Martin Luther King after King’s news conference.March – Malcolm splits with the Nation of Islam and forms the Muslim Mosque, Inc.April – Malcolm travels to Mecca and throughout Africa under the name, Malik El-Shabazz. While in Mecca, he changes his opinion about white people after he experiences the unity of the races.June 28 – Forms the Organization of Afro-American Unity (OAAU) to help in the civil rights struggle.July – Malcolm returns to Africa, meets with African leaders, and attends the second African Summit Conference in Cairo, Egypt.December – Malcolm’s daughter, Amiliah, is born.1965 February 14 – Malcolm’s house is firebombed.February 18 – Speaks at Columbia University.February 21 – While speaking at a OAAU rally in the Audubon Ballroom at 3:10 p.m., Malcolm is shot several times. Malcolm is pronounced dead upon arrival at the Vanderbilt Clinic, Columbia Presbyterian Hospital.February 27 – Funeral services begin for Malcolm and the eulogy is given by actor and playwright, Ossie Davis. Malcolm’s twin daughters, Malaak and Malikah, are born.