Jillian Barberie Good Day LA ratings magnet ... and her doggies, especially teddy who i want to introduce to mom's maltese BoyDog! Robb Weller is no Jillian Barberie!
one of the top five most successful films in 1964, Producer Jack Warner cast Audrey Hepburn as the Cockney flower vendor character (played by little-known Julie Andrews on Broadway) My Fair Lady was derived from Latin poet Ovid's story (in the Metamorphoses) about a character named Pygmalion who fell in love with a beautiful ivory statue of a woman. In later Greek tradition, his prayers to Venus that the beloved statue - Galatea - would come to life came true so that they could marry. Higgins teaches Eliza to speak with an upper class dialect. She is well rec'd at a ball. Then she leaves Higgins. Jack Warner (below)Jennifer O'neil (below) in the Summer of '42! her character Dorothy leads a teenage boy to her bedroom, and following one of Hollywood's most sensual undressing scenes, poignant in its simplicity, has intercourse with him. psychologists at the University of Pennsylvania in America have been investigating the phenomenon of speed-dating. After studying over 10,000 speed-daters they’ve come up with some surprising results. Some people say they're looking for one kind of person, then choose another. Other people say that don't even know what they're looking for. But the researchers found that, however it happens, people know love – and spot it quickly – when they see it. The scientists found that people generally understand their own worth on the dating market, so they are able to judge each others' potential compatibility within moments of meeting. During speed dates, the participants have three minutes to get to know someone. However, the American researchers found that most participants made their decision based on the information that they probably got in the first three seconds. Psychologists often tell us that relationships are a bit like shopping - people select mates based on the qualities they have to offer, such as power, money, nice car and so on. But the Pennsylvania scientists found that when people meet face-to-face, things like smoking preferences and bank accounts don't seem to figure. Somewhat surprisingly, factors that you might think would be really important to people, like religion, education and income, played very little role in a person’s choice of who they would like to see again. It turns out that in a speed-dating situation, people use their hearts and go on first impressions, rather than using their heads to work out if it’s a good idea. Ahhh, how romantic!DYING OF A BROKEN HEART Researchers in the US have found that bad or shocking news really can break your heart. They found that after a trauma like this, people can suffer days-long surges in adrenalin and other stress hormones which "stun" the heart. This can even be mistaken for a heart attack. The researchers examined patients who came into hospital complaining of symptoms similar to those of a heart attack - chest pains, fluid in the lungs, shortness of breath and heart failure. But upon closer inspection, these people – who were mainly older women – had no other signs of a heart problem. But all the patients had experienced some kind of severe emotional shock just before they got ill. For example, half had just learned of the death of a partner or relative. One person had been the victim of an armed robbery, while another had been the victim of a surprise party. And when doctors investigated further, they found that the patients had very high levels of stress hormones, particularly adrenalin and noradrenalin, in their blood. This was even higher than levels of these hormones found in genuine heart attack patients. The researchers also found high levels of another heart hormone, confusingly called brain natriuretic peptide. It’s these stress hormones that can be toxic to the heart, say the researchers, effectively stunning it. Luckily, these broken hearts can be mended – using MRI scanning and other techniques, the doctors found that the damage caused by stress is temporary, usually lasting just weeks. So there’s no need to cancel that surprise party just yet.
below is a scene from The Graduate. Katharine Ross as Elaine and Dustin as Ben.
although not invited to Elaine's wedding, when car runs out of gas, Ben races to the church on foot.
Elaine's wedding was interrupted when Ben shouts "Elaine, Elaine" from the balcony of the church.
Elaine Loves Ben and bolts from the wedding.
PROVIDENCE, R.I. (AP) - Richard Hatch, who won $1 million in the debut season of "Survivor," was sentenced Tuesday to 51 months in prison for failing to pay income taxes on his reality TV prize and other earnings.Miller Light campaign tag "You poke it, you own it" predicted best slogan for 2006. Things are not quite what they seem. Tell me, when are you coming 'round again? I don't think I can wait that long. the party line " Boston Dolls are cool , WELCOME THE MORNINGS" Mary is no Dixie! Precursors to public relations can be found in publicists who specialized in promoting circuses, theatrical performances, and other public spectacles. Tobacco industry market research attempted to identify the psychosocial needs of different groups of women, and cigarette advertising campaigns for brands that women smoke explicitly aimed to position cigarettes as capable of satisfying these needs. Such positioning can be accomplished with advertising that downplays or excludes smoking imagery. As womens needs change with age and over time, advertisements were developed to reflect the needs encountered at different stages in womens lives. Cigarette brands for younger women stressed female camaraderie, self confidence, freedom, and independence; cigarette brands for older women addressed needs for pleasure, relaxation, social acceptability, and escape from daily stresses.Thus psychosocial needs satisfaction can be communicated without reference to cigarettes or smoking. This may explain why partial advertising bans are ineffective and comprehensive bans on all forms of tobacco marketing are effective. Counter-advertising should attempt to expose and undermine the needs satisfaction messages of cigarette advertising campaigns directed at women... Inspired by the finely-wrought language and the evocative names of the performers on the poster, John began to compose a song based on it...
Mr. Kite was William Kite, son of circus proprietor James Kite, and an all-round performer. He is believed to have worked in Pablo Fanque's Circus from 1843 to 1845. Pablo Fanque was a multi-talented performer who became the first black circus proprietor in Britain. His real name was William Darby and he was born in Norwich in 1796. He started calling himself Pablo Fanque in the 1830's.The Hendersons were wire-walker, equestrian, tramplinist and clown John Henderson and his wife Agnes, the daughter of circus owner Henry Hengler. The Hendersons travelled all over Europe and Russia during the 1840's and 1850's. The 'somersets' which Mr. Henderson performed on 'solid ground' were somersaults, 'garters' were were banners held between two people and a 'trampoline' in those days was a wooden springboard rather than stretched canvas. Jillie Jillie is going to give you a brief history lesson. Darryl Zanuck was called DZ by his friends. DZ wrote some screen plays in the '20s and produced many films for Warners. In April '33, he joined United Artists and formed a company called Twentieth Century Film. DZ produced a dozen films a year. DZ carried the company with his acquiring scripts, rewriting, revising, casting and supervising but his pay deal was underwhelming and UA's chairman Joe Schenck feared his star producer would leave the team. in April '35, Schenck traveled to Florida to meet Fox Film president Sid Kent. Local newspeople speculated they were planning to build a studio in Miami, but the real purpose was to put Zanuck and Twentieth together with Fox Film which had declined from its former prominence after its founder William Fox was convicted of stock market manipulation. Fox strength was its distribution organization and its hundeds of theaters. What it lacked was movies to show in them, yet it owned a ninety-six acre lot packed with backgound sets known as Movie-Tone City. A complicated merger separates Twentieth Century from United Artists and merges it with Fox. The new company would soon produce fifty-five pictures a year, twenty-nine of which would be supervised by Zanuck. Zanuck was successful as a supervisor offering advisory to others who were hands-on the individual projects. Later in his life, DZ chose to live in France and made his own films. Who was Bella Darvi? His son Dick was employed by the studio and often served to politic DZ's ideas. Many of DZ's films in the '60s were money losers. He had lost his touch, lost his sense of what the movie going market wanted to see. DZ suffered a stroke at one point. He lived in the Plaza Hotel in NYC. The company lost money in '70. Dick and his partner David Brown each left the company when asked for their resignations. They went down the street to Warners and made THE STING and JAWS (with Steven Spielberg) at Universal. In '72 DZ no longer had the support of shareholders to function as a big shot in the film business.
Do we have a style file package? No? Let's talk Citizen Kane...the film by Orson Welles... Zanadu was the name of the fictional estate of Charles Foster Kane. It was the world's largest private pleasure ground. On the Florida Gulf Coast a private mountain was commissioned and successfully built. One hundred thousand trees, twenty thousand tons of marble are the ingredients of Xanadu's mountain. Contents of Xanadu's palace -- paintings, pictures, statues, the very stones of many another palace. A collection of everything, so big that can never be catalogued or appraised. Enough for ten museums. The loot of the world. Xanadu's livestock -- the fowl of the air, the fish of the sea, the beasts of the field and jungle. Two of each, the biggest private zoo since Noah. Like the pharaohs, Xanadu's landlord leaves many stones to mark his grave. Since the pyramids, Xanadu is the costliest monument a man has built to himself. When the fictional Charles Foster Kane died, it was 1941's biggest strangest funeral.To forty-four million U.S. news buyers, more newsworthy than the names in his own headlines, was Kane himself, greatest newspaper tycoon of this or any other generation.Kane's empire, in its glory held dominion over thirty- seven newspapers, two syndicates, a radio network. An empire upon an empire. The first of grocery stores, paper mills, apartment buildings, factories, forests, ocean liners. An empire through which for fifty years flowed, in an unending stream, the wealth of the earth's third richest gold mine.
I'm from Canada, I believe in you, Steve! I don't want to lose this guy. I know he likes me! really Steve, he likes me a lot! his email was a unilateral, unambiguous promise...it came from deep within his psyche! He knows what he wants. Follow the blue arrow! The guy is no dummy. I say, call him!
more time? alright let's go with history of The Beatles for 200...November 9, 1961 - Record store manager Brian Epstein goes to a Liverpool nightclub (the Cavern) to hear the Beatles; became their manager two months later; 1962 - helped them land their first record deal; September 1962 - recorded "Love Me Do," the group's first Top 20 hit in the United Kingdom; debut album in the United States, Meet the Beatles, became the fastest-selling album in U.S. history to that time; scored more No. 1 hits on the Billboard charts (20) than any other group in history. October 26, 1965 - appointed Members of the Order of the British Empire at Buckingham Palace; August 1967 - Epstein died of an accidental overdose of sleeping pills; 1970 - each member pursued a solo career or formed a new group. below is the very nice Al Pacino. As a boy, the Gettys moved to a house on Kingsley just north of Wilshire. His dad had been an insurance accountant in Minnesota, then learned to speculate in leasing land Oklahoma to gain ownership of the oil underneath. He applied this knowledge to southern cal. the big money came when Paul in 1953. willingly offered much higher royalties to middle east kings and got hold of huge oil reserves that the major oil companies had missed. Getty took a risky gamble by securing the oil rights to the Middle East in half of the Neutral Zone between Saudi Arabia and Kuwait. After only three years and a $30 million investment, the oil deposits discovered there made him a billionaire. From the early 1950s until his death, Getty resided in Great Britain. From his 16th-century Tudor estate, known as Sutton Place, Getty controlled a vast business empire made up of almost 200 concerns.The family patriarch, who died in 1976, said some amusing things, like The meek shall inherit the Earth, but not its mineral rights.- a fairy-tale vision in her gorgeous white evening gown, looking like a princess. higgins teaches Eliza to speak an upper class dialect. "the rain in spain..." she is thought to be royal, after she leaves Higgins, he tells us "I've grown accustomed to her face (spoken, not sung). She almost makes the day begin. I've grown accustomed to the tune that she whistles night and noon. Her smiles, her frowns, her ups, her downs are second nature to me now. Like breathing out and breathing in. I was serenely independent and content before we met. Surely I could always be that way again - and yet I've grown accustomed to her looks, accustomed to her voice, accustomed to her face."Jack Benny King Camp Gillette was born in Fond du Lac, Wisconsin in 1855. In 1895, after several years of considering and rejecting possible inventions, Gillette suddenly had a brilliant idea while shaving one morning. It was an entirely new razor and blade that flashed in his mind—a razor with a safe, inexpensive, and disposable blade. It took six years for Gillette's idea to evolve. During that time, technical experts told Gillette that it would be impossible to produce steel that was hard, thin, and inexpensive enough for commercial development of the disposable razor blade. Then in 1901, MIT graduate William Nickerson agreed to try.By 1903, he had succeeded. Production of the Gillette safety razor and blade began as the Gillette Safety Razor Company started operations in South Boston. Sales grew steadily. During World War I, the U.S. Government issued Gillette safety razors to the entire armed forces. By the end of the war, some 3.5 million razors and 32 million blades were put into military hands, thereby converting an entire nation to the Gillette safety razor.sarah silvermanGM targeting establishes Buick as dream car for Chinese. Back in the 1970's much of the money that manufacturers spent on cigarette advertising went for magazine, newspaper, and Sunday supplement ads. The 1971 radio and television ban had forced this shift. The outdoor billboard industry, rapid transit advertising, and the sponsorship of sporting events, also benefited from the broadcasting ban. Cigarette manufacturers seemed to put their best foot forward when they chose attractive, intelligent looking, stylish women to advertise their product. I'm Steve, good morning Dorothy, hand me the phone! both men and women detect pheromones with the aid of a tiny sensory area located inside the nose known as the vomeronasal organ (VNO). pheromones serve as aromatic signals that can indicate sexual attraction conducive to mating behavior, a warning in advance of possible conflict, or fear. They also affect organized behaviors in insects, such as bees. As a result, pheromones are important in the reproduction and survival of a species.People perceive pheromones differently from other animals. Humans aren't capable of consciously detecting pheromonal scents, so there's no noticeable smell to them. Although the VNO was long considered absent in humans, recent research shows that it does exist, and that it is capable of detecting pheromonal signals. The degree to which the human body responds to these signals, however, is still in question. It has been demonstrated that stimulation of the VNO can cause a release of sex hormones known as gonadotropins, which may or may not affect mood or behavior. Jillian's here so our audience will stay tuned today. Philip Morris introduced new 100mm Virginia Slims to America in 1968. Original advertising targeted women, picturing slender models wearing the very latest fashions. 'Baby' wasn't mentioned yet--the slogan, 'You've Come A Long Way', was used on the earliest ads. Not wanting to offend, PM had a poll taken. The word 'baby' was found acceptable, and only then was it added. Philip Morris sold so many of their Virginia Slims cigarette packs that by 1974 they could afford to hire super models for their successful "You've come a long way, baby" advertising campaign. Cheryl Tiegs, Christine Ferrare, Erin Gray had their first VS ads published June '74, July '75, and March '79 respectively. "Il Laureato"Benjamin Braddock, appartenente ad una facoltosa famiglia americana, ritorna a casa dopo la laurea. i genitori organizzano una grande festa in suo onore ma lui, infastidito, preferisce isolarsi nella sua stanza. Qui viene raggiunto dalla signora Robinson, una piacente quarantenne, moglie del capo di suo padre. Questa gli chiede di accompagnarla a casa sua dove cerca di sedurlo. Solo l'arrivo del signor Robinson salva Benjamin dall'imbarazzante situazione. Ma la signora Robinson non demorde e tra i due inizia una relazione che viene interrotta solo dall'arrivo di Elaine, figlia dei Robinson, di ritorno dal college. A questo punto i due ragazzi si innamorano sempre contrastati dalla madre di lei che minaccia Benjamin di raccontare tutto a sua figlia. Elaine viene allontanata dai genitori che le hanno preparato un ricco marito ma Benjamin riesce a sottrarre Elaine al matrimonio quando ormai e gia sull'altare al momento del sì...friend of ours, Bob DeNiro (above).A nephew of Sigmund Freud, Bernays drew many of his ideas from Freud's theories about the irrational, unconscious motives that shape human behavior. Bernays authored several books, including Crystallizing Public Opinion (1923), Propaganda (1928), and The Engineering of Consent (1947). Bernays saw public relations as an "applied social science" that uses insights from psychology, sociology, and other disciplines to scientifically manage and manipulate the thinking and behavior of an irrational and "herdlike" public. "The conscious and intelligent manipulation of the organized habits and opinions of the masses is an important element in democratic society," he wrote in Propaganda. "Those who manipulate this unseen mechanism of society constitute an invisible government which is the true ruling power of our country."One of Bernays' early clients was the tobacco industry. In 1929, he orchestrated a legendary publicity stunt aimed at persuading women to take up cigarette smoking, which was then considered unfeminine and inappropriate for women with any social standing. To counter this image, Bernays arranged for New York City debutantes to march in that year's Easter Day Parade, defiantly smoking cigarettes as a statement of rebellion against the norms of a male-dominated society. Photographs of what Bernays dubbed the "Torches of Liberty Brigade" were sent to newspapers, convincing many women to equate smoking with women's rights. Some women went so far as to demand membership in all-male smoking clubs, a highly controversial act at the time.
The multi-camera/projector system called CINERAMA, had been around for years, mostly gathering dust. Being so different from the normal cinema experience, nobody really knew what to do with it. Then Lowell Thomas, Michael Todd, Louis B. Mayer and others produced a feature-length travelogue. They utilized a development of the CINERAMA system devised by F. Waller and a team of fellow specialists. Billed as, 'This Is Cinerama', it opened in New York in September, 1952. It proved to be a most influential event in the history of the cinema. in December 1952, Twentieth Century-Fox purchased the rights to the Hypergonar process of wide-screen. Darryl F. Zanuck, and many in the top echelon in the Fox company, realized that here was a quick and inexpensive way of achieving an impressive wide-screen presentation.Most minor studios and independent producers saw the gold mine, and rushed to sell their movies to television. Meanwhile the major studios sensibly decided to produce for the networks and for syndication. The anamorphic process squeezes a wide-shaped image to fit onto the narrower, more square-shaped image area of the film. It does this without significantly reducing the total area of the recorded image, which would reduce quality. In the cinema, the projector is equipped with a complementary "un-squeezing" lens that restores the width of the image. Anamorphic lenses squeeze the image in the horizontal plane only. Therefore, the camera lens squeezes the scene exactly in half horizontally, before it is recorded on film. Then later, the unsqueezing-projector lens displays the image on the movie screen twice as wide as the image recorded on the actual film print. CINERAMA was a breath of fresh air. It offered sights and sounds that no television could reproduce ... and the people flocked to see, or rather, experience it. Hollywood needed a practical and economic version of CINERAMA, and Twentieth Century-Fox had just acquired it. renamed CinemaScope. The technology of filmmaking was about to dramatically and permanently change.Television was now at a distinct disadvantage. It might eventually provide colour, but it would never be able to match the height and width of the screen, nor deliver directional sound.CinemaScope was a resounding success. The first cinemas to be equipped with the new screens, lenses and stereophonic sound systems, saw their box office takings skyrocket. Over a forty-year period, Rockefeller built Standard Oil into the largest company in the world, and was for a time the richest man in the world. His business career was controversial; he was accused of being a monopolist and was bitterly attacked by muckraking journalists. In 1865 Rockefeller had gotten so involved in the oil business, and was so confident of its future growth, that he sold out his share of the commission business to his partner Clark, then applied the proceeds toward a significant investment in another refinery.By the early 1870s, Cleveland had become established as one of the five main refining centers in the U.S. (besides Pittsburgh, Philadelphia, New York, and the region in northwestern Pennsylvania where most of the oil originated), and Standard Oil had established itself as the most profitable refiner in Cleveland. When it was found out that at least part of Standard Oil's cost advantage came from secret rebates from the railroads bringing oil into and out of Cleveland, the competing refiners insisted on getting similar rebates, and the railroads quickly complied. By then, however, Standard Oil had grown to become one of the largest shippers of oil and kerosene in the country. Bob Dylan
Jack Benny
Steven Spielberg
Dennis Gabor
(b.1900 - 1979)
for his invention and development of the holographic method
Selman Abraham Waksman (b. 1888 - 1973)for his discovery of streptomycin, the first antibiotic effective against tuberculosis
Led by newspaper owners William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer, journalism of the 1890s used melodrama, romance, and hyperbole to sell millions of newspapers--a style that became known as yellow journalism.The term yellow journalism came from a popular New York World comic called "Hogan's Alley," which featured a yellow-dressed character named the "the yellow kid." Determined to compete with Pulitzer's World in every way, rival New York Journal owner William Randolph Hearst copied Pulitzer's sensationalist style and even hired "Hogan's Alley" artist R.F. Outcault away from the World. In response, Pulitzer commissioned another cartoonist to create a second yellow kid. Soon, the sensationalist press of the 1890s became a competition between the "yellow kids," and the journalistic style was coined "yellow journalism."Yellow journals like the New York Journal and the New York World relied on sensationalist headlines to sell newspapers. William Randolph Hearst understood that a war with Cuba would not only sell his papers, but also move him into a position of national prominence. From Cuba, Hearst's star reporters wrote stories designed to tug at the heartstrings of Americans. Horrific tales described the situation in Cuba--female prisoners, executions, valiant rebels fighting, and starving women and children figured in many of the stories that filled the newspapers. But it was the sinking of the battleship Maine in Havana Harbor that gave Hearst his big story--war. After the sinking of the Maine, the Hearst newspapers, with no evidence, unequivocally blamed the Spanish, and soon U.S. public opinion demanded intervention.Today, historians point to the Spanish-American War as the first press-driven war. Although it may be an exaggeration to claim that Hearst and the other yellow journalists started the war, it is fair to say that the press fueled the public's passion for war. hey everybody, I'm Dorothy, If the above article were about Charles Foster Kane, the secret word would be "rosebud!" If my aunt had balls, she'd be my uncle! if she were Marion Davies, she'd have a house on the beach in Santa Monica! my son is learning to play an electric guitar, my mother-in-law wanted him to play the violin . so easy for this to work! Years ago, they would put a dime on the desk--If you couldn't reach your target through broadcast, you could call! rosebud was Bill's teasing name for Marion Davies' private parts! Teddy Roosevelt argued that it was a civilized nation's right to use force to preserve peace and order in the Western Hemisphere. Roosevelt was able to manipulate, to a certain degree, the popular press. It was through them that Roosevelt communicated to the people, and he found it good practice to have the relayers of his messages be his friends. Although he disliked those "Muckrakers," as he called them, who looked for wrongdoing everywhere and served mostly to stir sensationalistic ideas, Roosevelt had a certain penchant for reporters who advocated reforms that would benefit the working class. I'm Lisa, I'm actually really nice--here's something you may not have known. He was Born in Washington, D.C., on February 25, 1888. John Foster Dulles studied at Princeton and George Washington University Law School. as secretary of state, Dulles pursued a policy of strength toward the Soviet Union and communist China. The Eisenhower administration is credited generally with ending the Korean War by quietly letting the Communists know that it was seriously contemplating an extension of the war and even the use of nuclear weapons.Dulles claimed to be perfectly willing to “go to the brink†of nuclear war to demonstrate America’s resolution against Communist aggression.his rhetoric was often boring! A jibe of the time gave the declension of the adjective “dull†as “Dull, Duller, Dulles.â€John Foster Dulles died on May 24, 1959He was not related to Citizen Kane who was, of course, Orson Welles' character Charles Foster Kane. Hey what's in style file today? No? The copy says, years ago they put a dime in a condom. if you couldn't come, at least you could call! let's continue with Citizen Kane...if your aunt were Marion Davies? that would make you... I get it. You know this William Randolf Hearst was an interesting fella...When he was only 24 years old, Hearst's career as a publisher began. In 1887, with help from his father's mining fortune, Hearst became the owner and operator of the San Francisco Examiner. Hearst fashioned his paper after Pulitzers' sensationalist approach and flashy style. In 1895, Hearst turned to the east coast for his next journalistic endeavor and purchased the New York Journal. As the owner of the Journal, Hearst entered the fiercely competitive world of New York journalism. Positioned against his former mentor Joseph Pulitzer, Hearst recruited staff away from the World and continued to copy Pulitzer's style. Born in 1822, Ulysses S. Grant was the son of an Ohio tanner. He went to West Point rather against his will and graduated in the middle of his class. In the Mexican War he fought under Gen. Zachary Taylor.At the outbreak of the Civil War, Grant was working in his father's leather store in Galena, Illinois. He was appointed by the Governor to command an unruly volunteer regiment. Grant whipped it into shape and by September 1861 he had risen to the rank of brigadier general of volunteers.He sought to win control of the Mississippi Valley. In February 1862 he took Fort Henry and attacked Fort Donelson. When the Confederate commander asked for terms, Grant replied, "No terms except an unconditional and immediate surrender can be accepted." The Confederates surrendered, and President Lincoln promoted Grant to major general of volunteers.At Shiloh in April, Grant fought one of the bloodiest battles in the West and came out less well. President Lincoln fended off demands for his removal by saying, "I can't spare this man--he fights."For his next major objective, Grant maneuvered and fought skillfully to win Vicksburg, the key city on the Mississippi, and thus cut the Confederacy in two. Then he broke the Confederate hold on Chattanooga.Lincoln appointed him General-in-Chief in March 1864. Grant directed Sherman to drive through the South while he himself, with the Army of the Potomac, pinned down Gen. Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia.Finally, on April 9, 1865, at Appomattox Court House, Lee surrendered. Grant wrote out magnanimous terms of surrender that would prevent treason trials. William Tecumseh Sherman was born in Ohio and was the son of an Ohio Supreme Court judge. "Cump," as he was called by his ten brothers and sisters, was nine years old when his father died. The whole family was farmed out due to extreme poverty. William Tecumseh Sherman would be adopted by a catholic family named Ewing and his new adopted father would become a powerful senator from Ohio. This political tie would enable "Cump" to enter West Point.Sherman was educated at West Point and graduated sixth in his class - a fairly remarkable achievement. Sherman left the army for greater choices in the private sector and married his adopted sister. He had a string of failures in banking, real estate, law and then ran a military academy which later became the Louisiana State University.When the War broke out, Sherman refused a Confederate commission and returned to the North. Strangely enough, Sherman had a fondness for Southerners.Under Grant as President, Sherman's responsibilities included occupying the defeated Southern states, protecting crews working on the Transcontinental railroad and keeping a check on the Indians in the west. Regarding the Indians, Sherman once said, "All have to be killed or maintained as a species of paupers."Sherman's most famous quote was made at an 1880 speech in which he said, "There's many a boy here today who looks on war as all glory, but, boys, it is all hell." He died in New York City in 1891. Antonio Caetano de Abreu Freire Egas Moniz (b. 1874 - 1955) for his discovery of the therapeutic value of leucotomy in certain psychoses.Brain operation to sever the connections between the frontal lobe and underlying structures. It was widely used in the 1940s and 1950s to treat severe psychotic or depressive illness. Though it achieved some success, it left patients dull and apathetic; there was also a considerable risk of epilepsy. The greatest advocate of psychosurgery was Walter Freeman, Professor of Neurology at George Washington University in the aftermath of the First World War. America was suffering from a huge increase in psychiatric disorders. An influx of shell shocked soldiers and bereaved, disturbed relatives was swelling the asylum population. In addition, there was still no cure for tertiary syphilis, which had been discovered to cause up to half the known cases of dementia praecox, or schizophrenia. The need for practical measures to counter madness had never been more urgent.To overcome the initial professional prejudice against the operation, Freeman travelled tirelessly and gave presentations across the nation. He was also a skillful manipulator of the media; his ability to communicate directly with the public was a crucial asset. In 1936, before Freeman had even disclosed details of his first operations to his professional colleagues, he had lunch with a reporter from the Washington Evening Star, whom he had asked if he "wanted to see some history made. We've done a few brain operations on crazy people with interesting results." The reporter was also given a chance to see the two men in action, and soon Freeman and Watts were on the front page of the New York Times, their technique — barely tried, and already with some dubious results — was hailed as a "shining example of therapeutic courage".A sanitized version of the operation and its consequences was invariably given, and never more so than in an influential article, entitled "Turning The Mind Inside Out", published in the Saturday Evening Post in 1941. The writer, the science editor of the New York Times, began in dramatic fashion by stating that there must be at least 200 men and women in the United States who had had worries, persecution complexes, suicidal intentions, obsessions and nervous tensions literally cut out of their minds with a knife. Freeman had explained the operation to the writer, Waldemar Kaempffert, as one which separated the prefrontal lobes — "the rational brain" — from the thalamic brain, or "emotional brain". The writer warmed to his theme, saying: "Man must balance emotion and reason. According to the Freeman-Watts theory, the preservation of that balance is a matter of nicely adjusting the 'thalamic' feeling with prefrontal logic." It made it sound disarmingly simple, the brain no more complex than the innards of a watch or a radio. The word "irreversible" was avoided. By 1938, Freeman decided to change the strategy for attacking the brain. He opted to make the holes in the side of the head, to allow a more direct assault on the white matter. He also changed the instrument to a narrow steel blade, blunt and flat like a butter knife, called a Killian periosteal elevator. In principle, the blunt, thin end of this could be gently pushed through the intervening brain tissue with less risk of tearing the blood vessels.From this development emerged the "Freeman-Watts standard lobotomy" — or, as they called it, the "precision method". After hand-drilling holes on either side of the head which were widened by manually breaking away further bits of the skull, the way would be paved for the knife by the preliminary insertion of a six inch cannula, the tubing from a heavy gauge hypodermic needle. Put in one hole, this would be aimed at the other, on the opposite side of the head. Then the blunt knife would be inserted in the path initially carved by the cannula. Once inside the brain, the blade would be swung in two cutting arcs, destroying the targeted nerve matter. "It goes through just like soft butter," said Watts. The operation was repeated on the other side of the head.Because the technique was "blind" — they could not see what they were doing — it required both men. Watts manipulated the cannula and blade while Freeman crouched in front of the patient, like a baseball catcher, using his knowledge of the internal map of the brain to give Watts instructions such as "up a bit", "down a fraction", or "straight ahead". Watts enjoyed "flying on instruments only", as he put it, and became so expert that, as a special trick, he could insert a cannula through a two millimeter hole in one side of a patient's head and thread it through the brain and out of the opposing hole like a shoelace. "That's pretty damn dramatic, you know," he once said. "And of course it always impressed spectators."The best was yet to come. Having observed that the optimum results were achieved when the lobotomy induced drowsiness and disorientation, Freeman and Watts decided to see if they could use this information to judge how an operation was proceeding; they began to perform lobotomies under local anesthetic. Now they could speak to the patient while cutting the lobe connections and gauge whether they were being successful. They asked patients to sing a song, or to perform arithmetic, and if they could see no signs of disorientation, they chopped away some more until they could. Up until 1945, Freeman had never actually performed a lobotomy himself. He had always worked in tandem with Watts, and his surgical experience was limited to performing "spinal taps". What was still lacking, for Freeman, was a version of the operation that could be performed not just by neurosurgeons, but by anyone, anywhere, in a few minutes: an off-the-peg, rapid technique, so that one could pop down to the local psychiatrist and get lobotomized in the lunch break.He had heard of the work of an Italian called Amarro Fiamberti, who had developed a transorbital attack on the frontal lobes; one that went in through the front of the skull, directly over the eyeball. He had perforated the orbital plate of the skull behind the eyes, and injected caustic solutions to destroy the brain tissue, but these had sunk down and caused rather severe damage elsewhere. Fiamberti had also punctured the orbital plate directly through the eye sockets and tried to use the original leucotome in this method with few good results, and a lot of mess. The potential advantage of such an approach was that it did not require holes to be made in the skull; everything could, in theory, be performed by one individual administering a simple stab through the back of each eye socket into the white matter of the brain. There would be nothing to set up. The patient would be left with nothing worse than black eyes and a splitting headache plus the usual effects. It would be very easy, very fast and very cheap.During the winter of 1945, Freeman tried to develop a transorbital approach to lobotomy, practicing on corpses. Watts cooperated, believing that ultimately he would do the surgery, and Freeman would, as usual, navigate. The two men came up against a familiar problem; the instruments they were using were not strong enough to penetrate the orbital bone and kept breaking off inside the head of their experimental corpses. They needed an implement that was slender, sharp, and strong.One day, mulling over the problem at home, Freeman remembered that the apple-corer had been a source of inspiration for Moniz, and began to rummage through the contents of his kitchen drawers. Soon he found precisely what he was looking for: a cheap, mass produced ice pick for stabbing pieces of ice off large commercial blocks. Normally used for making cold drinks on hot summer days, it now made its debut as an instrument for brain surgery. (Thank heavens the Kenwood Chef and Magimix had not yet been invented.) Freeman put a special hammer shaped head on the ice pick, which allowed it to be pushed and pulled more easily. It was this instrument that was used in the first transorbital lobotomies in America in a procedure that became known as the "ice pick" lobotomy. Armed with his new weapon, Freeman was convinced that a transorbital would be a simple piece of surgery which would not require a neurosurgeon. He decided that he would operate on the first living patient without telling Watts, whom he hoped would be sufficiently impressed to offer his encouragement thereafter. Secretly, he tried his hand on a series of patients, to whom he explained that the technique had been used successfully in Italy for a number of years, which was being economical with the truth. He did not dwell on his own lack of surgical experience. He anesthetized them with three rapid bursts of electric shock. He then drew the upper eyelid away from the eyeball, exposing the tear duct. The sharp point of the ice pick was placed in this, and then, as Freeman put it, "a light tap with a hammer is usually all that is needed to drive the point through the orbital plate". The ice pick was plunged into the brain. When it was about two inches inside, Freeman would pull the ice pick about 30 degrees backward, as far as he could without cracking the skull, and then move it up and down in another 20 degree arc, in order to cut the nerves at the base of the frontal lobes. The procedure took only a few minutes. Freeman's postoperative advice to relatives was restricted to the order: "Buy them some sunglasses."It was largely replaced by the use of psychotropic drugs from the late 1950s.By 1955 over 40,000 men, women and children in the United States alone had undergone psychosurgery which left large parts of their brains irreparably vandalized by doctors who didn't even need a formal qualification to practice the operation.Today, a limited amount of psychosurgery is performed in specialist centres under strict controls. It includes the creation of tiny, precise frontal lobe lesions to relieve severe conditions that have not responded to other treatments. The end of the Second World War had brought thousands of traumatized veterans back to join those still suffering from the effects of the First World War. In gratitude for their services, they were given shock treatment and psychosurgery.Freeman was a celebrity whose work was rarely out of the papers. He took advantage of his status to push his transorbital technique into the public eye, so to speak, even exhibiting it on television to general amazement. The ice pick lobotomy grew in popularity, particularly among psychiatrists without any previous experience of surgery.
Cornelius Vanderbilt It was not until 1836, when work was begun on the Erie Railroad, that a plan was adopted for a single line reaching several hundred miles from an obvious point, such as New York, to an obvious destination, such as Lake Erie. Even then a few farsighted men could foresee the day when the railroad train would cross the plains and the Rockies and link the Atlantic and the Pacific. Yet, in 1850 nearly all the railroads in the United States lay east of the Mississippi River, and all of them, even when they were physically mere extensions of one another, were separately owned and separately managed.
changes have been made! continued click
J.P. Morgan and his business associates became the company's financial agents, and thereafter all plans of expansion or consolidation were handled directly by them. The establishment of five great railroads extending continuously from the Atlantic seaboard to Chicago and the West was perhaps the most remarkable economic development of the ten or fifteen years succeeding the war. By 1875 these five great trunk lines, the New York Central, the Pennsylvania, the Erie, the Baltimore and Ohio, and the Grand Trunk, had connected their scattered units and established complete through systems. Edward H. Harriman had risen in ten years from comparative obscurity and was now the president of the Union Pacific Railroad, which he had, in conjunction with the banking house of Kuhn, Loeb and Company, reorganized and taken out of bankruptcy.
E.H. Harriman
Harriman had plans in view for acquiring actual control of the New York Central for the Union Pacific and thus, with the Illinois Central, of creating a continuous transcontinental line from ocean to ocean.
Jacob H. Schiff
GM the mark of excellence
For years, America built some of the world's most coveted luxury cars. Between the wars, marques like Packard and Duesenberg were driven by millionaires and movie stars.
1929 Duesenberg
But beginning in the 1970s, increasing competition forced Detroit to concentrate on more high-volume cars, all but ceding the luxury segment to rivals in Japan and Germany. By the 1990s, Cadillac and Lincoln had become a punch line, the car of choice for retirees and funeral homes. It looked as though America would never again produce a world-class luxury car.
At January's 2007 North American International Auto Show in Detroit, Cadillac debuted its new 2008 CTS sedan. Coming on the heels of several successful Caddy designs in recent years, most notably its Escalade sport-utility vehicle, Cadillac has seen a resurgence in sales and consumer appeal. The company has finally been able to once again attract a younger, more affluent audience. From the exterior, these cars looked sleek, and under the hood they provided the power that many of their buyers craved. But they fell down when it came to the interior. Crafted mainly from the General Motors plastic parts bin, they couldn't hold a candle to Lexus, Audi, and BMW. If only, the thinking went, GM could get its act to together and make a better interior, Cadillac could once again truly compete in the luxury segment.And now it has. The new CTS will bring to market the fruits of a long-term, company-wide initiative to wrestle control of the interior away from the accountants and return it to the design department where it belongs. The cabin features sweeping surfaces, with integrated buttons and knobs that look more custom-made. Soft, ambient lighting is piped along the doors. Seats also sport a minimalist, jewel-like chevron insignia. "This second pass allows us to get into the really fine details," says Dave Caldwell, a spokesman for the company.The car also features a "cut-and-sew" process in which coverings on the instrument panel, center console, and door trim are cut, sewn, and wrapped by hand, allowing for flourishes such as French stitching. It's the kind of attention to interior quality that recent GM products have so badly needed—especially given the competition from Lexus, Infiniti, and Acura.
Such process and detail adds cost, admits Dave Rand, GM's executive director for interior design, but he and other executives believe the improvements in quality are worth it. "All the manufacturers know the new game in town is interiors," says Rand. "The exterior is still the hook, but how you live with the product, well, that's all on the inside.""Cadillac renaissance" Much is riding on the new CTS, the second generation of Cadillac's entry-level, rear-wheel-drive sedan. The CTS had been one of Cadillac's strongest sellers, after the company's iconic Escalade, and was its best-seller in 2005. In 2006, though, in need of a redesign, it dropped behind the updated DTS full-size sedan, with sales of 54,846 cars. The new CTS, a 2008 model, will hit dealer showrooms sometime this fall and cost around $30,000.
At the car's January debut, Robert Lutz, GM vice-chairman and head of global product development, said: "This new CTS is a much more capable and attractive car. I see this as phase two of the Cadillac renaissance." Auto industry analysts, for their part, gave the car high marks for its evocative front grille and softened but still sharp body lines—both derived from the striking Cadillac Sixteen concept from 2003.But competition from BMW's 3 series, as well as all-new versions of the Lexus IS and Mercedes C-Class sedans, will be tough. In 2006, BMW sold more than 106,000 3-series cars in the U.S. alone, and the C-Class is Mercedes' best-selling model.
When GM launched the CTS in 2002, executives said it heralded the revival of the beleaguered brand, which had been losing customers to foreign rivals since the 1970s. Leading up to the launch, $4 billion was directed to the Cadillac project — at the time, that meant a whopping 10% of GM's total capital budget was earmarked for a brand that made up fewer than 4% of total sales. Since then, the company has introduced the rear-wheel-drive STS, a re-skinned DTS, the SRX crossover, and a next-generation Escalade. "Overall, the brand's been moving in the right direction," says Wes Brown, a partner in Iceology, a Los Angeles-based consumer marketing research firm.
If only the same could be said for Lincoln, Ford's perennial also-ran in the domestic luxury market. The company makes a high-end SUV, the Navigator, that's every bit as good and flashy as the Escalade, but in 2006 the Cadillac sold more than 41,000 (ESV and EXT models included) to the Navigator's 23,947. In fact, in a year when light-truck sales were down 6.7% overall, according to Automotive News, Escalade sales were up more than 30%. Even worse for Ford, where Cadillac was up 13.6% for the year, Lincoln plummeted 24.5%.
Lincoln is clearly wrestling with its brand image. Recent models, such as the MKZ sedan and the MKX crossover, are targeted solidly at the less-expensive "premium" market. And while the company recently debuted a rear-wheel-drive concept, it most likely won't be on line until 2009. Long term, it remains to be seen whether Lincoln will continue to pursue its traditional luxury customer. And Cadillac isn't above a little trash-talking. "We don't really consider Lincoln a competitor," says Caldwell.
And yes, there are some other U.S. car companies, such as Saleen and Mosler, that are turning out very expensive, ridiculously fast cars. But they do so in extremely low volume, and despite their exorbitant prices, tend to favor performance over luxury.
Even with a new product that's strong both inside and out, questions remain about the direction Cadillac's turnaround will take from here. For one thing, even though Cadillac is in a comeback mode, are its customers psychologically willing to accept it as a luxury brand on par with BMW and Lexus? The Escalade isn't a good example, because even though it can cost nearly $70,000, it's still a large SUV. To succeed in this category, Cadillac needs to offer competitive sedans and coupes. The CTS may lead to better things, but the sporty XLR convertible stands as a cautionary tale.
The XLR has an MSRP of $78,000 — and fully loaded, it can cost almost $100,000. Since it went on the market in 2003, it has been a sales disappointment, selling only 3,203 models in 2006, down 14% from the previous year. There are a number of things wrong with the XLR, not the least being its cramped, cheap interior and lack of luggage space. But the main problem is that Cadillac's core customers may be priced out of their league. Even for those who do have the money, would they want to spend it on a Caddy when at that price point there are so many other excellent, albeit imported, cars to choose from?
It is, of course, possible for Cadillac to win back the hearts and minds — and wallets — of affluent Americans. After all, look at the success of brands such as Lexus and Acura, which spearheaded the drive to convince buyers that Japan could build a luxury car.
Still missing from the CTS line are variants — a coupe, convertible, or wagon — like those that have helped expand sales of the BMW 3 series. GM is said to be working on at least two of these, but some analysts expected such models to be out the gate by now. "To do it right in that segment you've got to have variants," says Brown. "I assume it's in the game plan." Cadillac product director John Howell adds: "It will take more than three sedans to be competitive."
For now, at least, the CTS is a great place to start. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. All rights reserved.