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EARTHS SHAPE
* Earth is an oblate sphere
* It is flatter at the poles and bulging at the Equator
* The Equitorial diameter is longer
* Earth is an oblate shape because it rotates
* The Equator is the major line of latitude
* The North Star is also known as Polaris
* To find latitude measure the angle b/w Polaris and the horizon
* Polaris' alitutude also equals our latitude
* The Prime Meridian is the major line of longitude
* The Prime Meridian runs through Greenwich, England
Contour Maps
* Birds Eye View
* Map of elevation
* Contour lines are lines of elevation
* Contour lines go by intervals - (what you count by on the map)
* The contour interval is different for every map
* Highest Possible Elevation - Go to the next possible contour line and subtract one
* Contour lines make "V" shapes as they pass over a river... the river flows in the opposite direction of the "V"
* Contour lines NEVER EVER cross
* Depression lines represent elevation going down
* The closer the lines the steeper the hill
ROCKS
Igneous
* Formed through COOLING and SOLIDIFICATION of magma
* There are 2 types of Igneous Rocks
Intrusive
** Formed deep within the Earth's crust
** Have large crystals b/c is takes a very long time for them to cool
Extrusive
** Formed on Earth's surface - Like a volcano
** Cool quickly causing them to be glassy and vesicular
** Vesicular = Gas Pockets
Sedimentary
* Formed by COMPACTION and CEMENTATION of other rock
* Formed in or near water
* Formed in layers
* Conglomerate have the greatest range in grain size
* Clastic means to be formed from other rocks
* Crystalline means to have been formed from evaporites and precipitates
* Bioclastice means to have been formed from living things
* Limestone is made of calcite and will bubble with acid
METAMORPHIC
* Formed by HEAT and PRESSURE
* Formed in the Earth's crust
* Almost like Igneous but the rock NEVER melts!
* Banding - When the minerals in a rock segregate and create alternating colors - GNEISS is the only rock with banding!
* They have MICA Crystals - Flat and Chippy
* Foliation - Layers
* Marble is a metamorphism of Limestone and will also bubble with acid
THE DYNAMIC CRUST
The Theory of Plate Tectonics
* There was once a supercontinent called Pangea...
* We think this because the continents look as if they could fit like puzzle pieces... also, there are correlations of index fossils and rock layers between South America and Africa...
* The lithosphere (crust) is broken up into pieces that float on the mantle
* These pieces move around because of convection currents in the mantle.
* Convection Currents - is a method of heat transfer due to density differences.... *** CONVECTION CURRENTS IN THE MANTLE - The core (heat source) heats up the magma in the mantle causing it to rise... it rises because hot stuff is less dense... As it reaches the surface it cools and sinks to the bottom where the process repeats...
* Since these GIANT pieces of the crust are moving in all different directions they created plate boundaries...
Divergent
When two pieces of crust spread apart... This causes RIDGES, volcanoes, earthquakes, and seafloor spreading...
*** Seafloor spreading - the boundary is in the middle, the further you get away from the boundary the older the rocks get... the closer to the boundary the younger they are...
CONVERGENT
* When two plate collide - these cause earthquakes, mountains, volcanoes, trenches, and subduction zones...
TRANSFORM
* When two plates rub and slide past each other...
* Like the San Andreas Fault in California
WEATHERING DEPOSITION
EROSION
* Weathering - the breakdown of rock
.....Chemical - the change of the rocks composition
.....Physical - the breakdown of the rocks size only
* Erosion - the movement of rock
* Deposition - the drop off of moved sediment
STREAMS
* Create "v" shaped valleys
* Leave sorted deposits of rock...
* As the stream velocity slows the heaviest and most dense rocks will be dropped off first...
* The middle and top of the stream are the fastest as the stream runs in a straight path (the least friction)
* As a stream turns the inside is the slowest... this is where rocks will start to deposit b/c the stream will lose its strength...
* The outside of the turn is the fastest velocity and this is where it will weather and erode the most... REMEMBER YOUR ELBOWS!!
GLACIERS
* Glaciers make "U" shaped valleys...
* Glaciers flow just like streams... but obviosly... much much slower...
* Glaciers leave parallel scratches in bedrock because they drag rocks and boulders along with them...
* Glaciers leave behind unsorted deposits of rock sediments...
* Glaciers also leave behind large boulders when they retreat (melt away).... called glacial erratics...
* Simply... When you hear GLACIER... you should automatically think... Parallel Scratches... Unsorted Sediment... Boulders... "U" Shaped Valleys...
FORMATION
CLOUD
* As air increases with elevation it thins out...
* As air thins out it cools down...
* Cooling down brings air to its dew point...
* Dew point is the point at which air is at full capacity (it can not hold anymore water)...
* When air passes its dew point there is no more room for the water, and the water is forced to condense (vapor to gas)...
* The water droplets are very very teeny tiny and are waaay to small to fall through the atmosphere...
* Instead they cling to peices of dust and ash in the atmosphere...
* All together... they make a cloud... until heavy enough to precipitate...
* The
Orographic Effect is the SAME thing only it involves a Mountain...
* There are two sides to the Mountain... the leeward and windward...
...Windward - is very wet and moist
...Leeward - is very dry and desert like
THE ANGLE OF INSOLATION
