Mike Gravel Biography
Mike Gravel was born in Springfield, Massachusetts, to
French Canadian immigrants. He attended French-speaking Catholic schools and as
a teenager, when he wasn’t working with his father and brothers in the house
painting and construction business, volunteered in local Springfield politics,
developing an avid interest in government
Senator Gravel enlisted in the U.S. Army (1951-54) and served as special
adjutant in the Communication Intelligence Services and as a Special Agent in
the Counter Intelligence Corps. He received a B.S. in Economics from Columbia
University, New York City, and holds four honorary degrees in law and public
affairs.
Mike Gravel served in the Alaska House of Representatives from 1963-66, and as
Speaker from 1965-66. He then represented Alaska in the U.S. Senate from
1969-81. He served on the Finance, Interior, and Environmental and Public Works
committees, chairing the Energy, Water Resources, Buildings and Grounds, and
Environmental Pollution subcommittees.
In 1971, he waged a successful one-man filibuster for five months that forced
the Nixon administration to cut a deal, effectively ending the draft in the
United States. He is most prominently known for his release of the Pentagon
Papers, the secret official study that revealed the lies and manipulations of
successive U.S. administrations that misled the country into the Vietnam War.
After the New York Times published portions of the leaked study, the Nixon
administration moved to block any further publication of information and to
punish any newspaper publisher who revealed the contents.
From the floor of the senate, Gravel (a junior senator at the time) insisted
that his constituents had a right to know the truth behind the war and proceeded
to read 4,100 pages of the 7,000 page document into the senate record. The
Supreme Court ultimately ruled that Senator Gravel did not have the right and
responsibility to share official documents with his constituents.
He then published The Senator Gravel Edition, The Pentagon Papers, Beacon Press
(1971). This publication resulted in litigation, Gravel v. U.S., resulting in a
landmark Supreme Court decision (No. 71-1017-1026) relative to the Speech and
Debate Clause (Article 1, Section 6) of the United States Constitution.
He has worked as a cab driver in New York City, a clerk on Wall Street and as a
brakeman on the Alaska Railroad. He founded and served as president of The
Democracy Foundation, Philadelphia II, and Direct Democracy, nonprofit
corporations dedicated to the establishment of direct democracy in the United
States through the enactment of the National Initiative for Democracy by
American voters.
Books authored by Senator Gravel are Jobs and More Jobs, and Citizen Power. He
lectures and writes about governance, foreign affairs, economics, Social
Security, tax reform, energy, environmental issues and democracy.
Senator Gravel is married to Whitney Stewart Gravel and has two grown children:
Martin Gravel living in Colorado and Lynne Gravel Mosier, living in California.
The Gravels have four grandchildren: Renee, Alex, Madison and Mackenzie.
How Mike Stands on the Issues
The War in Iraq Senator Gravel's position on Iraq
remains clear and consistent: to commence an immediate and orderly withdrawal of
all U.S. troops that will have them home within 120 days. The sooner U.S. troops
are withdrawn, the sooner we can pursue aggressive diplomacy to bring an end to
the civil war that currently consumes Iraq. Senator Gravel seeks to work with
neighboring countries to lead a collective effort to bring peace to Iraq.
One of the leading opponents of the Vietnam War, Senator Gravel was one of the
first current or former elected officials to publicly oppose the planned
invasion of Iraq in 2002. He appeared on MSNBC prior to the invasion insisting
that intelligence showed that there were indeed no weapons of mass destruction,
that Iraq posed no threat to the United States and that invading Iraq was
against America’s national interests and would result in a disaster of epic
proportions for both the United States and the Iraqi people.
Today, more than four years into the invasion, the death toll of U.S. troops has
climbed over 3,300 with over 50,000 more permanently maimed, some having lost
limbs, others their sight. Tens of thousands more are afflicted with Post
Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and urgently need psychological care. The Iraqi
civilian death toll nears three-quarters of a million, and still there remains
no end in sight to the bloodshed.
As President, Senator Gravel will call for a U.S. corporate withdrawal from Iraq
and hand over reconstruction contracts to Iraqi businesses which will empower
Iraqi nationals to reconstruct their own country.
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The National Initiative for Democracy Mike fully supports the National
Initiative for Democracy. The NI4D is a way to bring legislative power back to
the people. In many states, citizens can put measures on the ballot and Mike
believes as citizens of the United States we should all have that power. Read
More about The National Initiative
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Iran and Syria Senator Gravel opposes a military confrontation with Iran
and Syria and advocates a diplomatic solution to the current situation. More
information available here, here, and here.
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Global Warming/Climate Change Senator Gravel believes that global climate
change is a matter of national security and survivability of the planet. As
President, he will act swiftly to reduce America's carbon footprint in the world
by initiating legislation to tax carbon at the source and cap carbon emissions.
He is also committed to leading the fight against global deforestation, which
today is second only to the energy sector as a source of greenhouses gases.
However, any legislation will have little impact on the global environment if we
do not work together with other global polluters. China, India and under-dveloped
nations all work together fighting climate change can only be effective if it is
a collective global effort. As President, Senator Gravel will see that the U.S.
launches and leads a massive global scientific effort, integrating the world's
scientific and engineering community, to end energy dependence on oil and
integrate the world's scientific community in this task. For more information go
here, here, and here.
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Progressive Taxes - A fair Tax Senator Gravel's Progressive Fair
Tax proposal calls for eliminating the IRS and the income tax and replacing it
with a national sales tax on new products and services. To compensate for the
tax on necessities, such as food, lodging, transportation and clothing, there
would be a "rebate" to reimburse taxpayers. This would be paid in a monthly
check from the government to all citizens. The focus on taxing new goods would
also help tackle the global climate change problem. For more information go here
and here More information on what FairTax is and how it works can be found here,
here, and here.
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Healthcare Senator Gravel advocates a universal healthcare system that
provides equal medical services to all citizens, paid for by a retail sales tax
(a portion of the Progressive Fair tax). Citizens would pay nothing for health
benefits. For more information go here and here.
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Reproductive Rights Senator Mike Gravel supports a woman's right to
decide if and when to have children. He also supports a woman's right to make
the difficult decision about abortion without interference by government
authorities. Comprehensive, age-appropriate sex education, including accurate
information about contraception, can always be provided in order to reduce the
number of unintended pregnancies and abortions. Parity in health insurance and
access to specialized family health care services, including family planning
education, would also benefit the health and welfare of infants and children,
who need and deserve to be wanted and loved.
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Immigration Senator Gravel favors protecting our borders and monitoring
the flow of immigrants into our country. He also favors a guest worker program
and setting up naturalization procedures that would fairly bring immigrants into
legal status. America must address the root cause of illegal immigration. Any
discussion of immigration must include NAFTA and the concept of "free trade."
The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) has been a disaster for the
working class of both the U.S. and Mexico and a boon to the international
corporate interests. A study by the Economic Policy Institute found that over 1
million U.S. jobs were lost as a result of NAFTA, a third of them manufacturing
jobs. In Mexico, 1.3 million farm workers lost their jobs in the same period.
This has led to a wave of immigrants looking for work in the U.S. Reforming
unfair trade policies spawned by measures like NAFTA will stimulate job growth
on both sides of the border.
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LGBT Rights Senator Gravel supports same-sex marriage and opposes the
Defense of Marriage Act. He supports expanding hate-crime legislation and
opposes laws that allow discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation or
one's gender identity or expression. Senator Gravel strongly opposes the
military's "Don't Ask Don't Tell" legislation on the grounds that it is
unconstitutional, as it restricts the rights of gay Americans. He opposes any
state or national constitutional amendment that restricts the rights of the gay
community.
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Social Security Senator Gravel wants to put real money, rather than
borrowed money, in the Social Security Trust Fund. He advocates investing it
properly and identifying the interests of individual beneficiaries so they can
know what their retirement fund is and leave surplus funds to heirs.
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Education Access to public education is a bedrock American value. Why is
it then that the United States ranks 49th in literacy and that an estimated 30%
of our students don't graduate from high school? Investing in education provides
a pathway to a thriving national economy, to individual and family economic
opportunity, and to the reduction of poverty. A successful education system
requires the commitment of families, the community, and government. It's time to
re-order our national budget priorities in order to improve the American
education system. Parent education and access to preschool programs such as Head
Start need to be expanded so that children from low income families are equally
ready to benefit from elementary school. Universal pre-kindergarten would also
enhance readiness. Encouraging our students to be the best they can be will
require flexibility from the federal and state governments, within school
systems, and from groups with a stake in educational success. Flexibility may
mean extended school days and summer learning opportunities or extended school
years. It may mean online and broadcast courses to provide access to highly
qualified teachers. It may mean charter schools to address the needs of local
communities, smaller classes, enrichment programs for students at risk, and
vocational options. One thing we know for sure: No Child Left Behind has left
too many children behind. It needs to be reformed and adequately funded. It
needs to acknowledge the need for a fuller curriculum that encourages critical
thinking—not just math and science test-taking. A high school diploma should be
the minimum goal for all students; without it, our children will be condemned to
a substandard economic existence.
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Veteran's Affairs As President, Senator Gravel would ensure that veterans
receive full funding for their most important needs, including healthcare that
is indexed to the increasing cost of care and medicine. He would make sure that
all soldiers receive a full medical diagnosis to assess what their individual
needs would be. He would also make sure that the VA system is fully financed and
has sufficient well-trained personnel to provide the finest care that is
available. As the Senator says, "We can do no less and we will do much more."
Mike Gravel is the only military veteran in the democratic race.
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The War on Drugs The War on Drugs has been a failure. It is time to end
prohibition and start treating addiction as a public health problem. This has
ravaged our inner cities, and we are losing an entire generation of men and
women to prisons. We must regulate hard drugs for the purpose of treating
addicts, which would emphasize rehabilitation and prevention over incarceration.
We must decriminalize minor drug offenses and increase the availability and
visibility of substance abuse treatment in our communities as well as in jails
and prisons. The United States incarcerates more people and at a higher rate
than any other industrialized nation in the world. Some 2.3 million Americans
are now behind bars. This tragedy must end.
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Net Neutrality Net Neutrality aims to keep the Internet free from large
companies, which are trying to limit the number of web sites their customers can
view and the speed at which they can view them. Senator Gravel guarantees a free
and open Internet with unlimited access to all sites. He will do this by
supporting legislation and regulation that keeps you in control of your Internet
usage and promotes free speech.
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Human Rights Senator Gravel is adamantly opposed to torture, indefinite
detention, and the deprivation of lawyers/speedy trials. He opposes the Military
Commissions Act, flagrant ignorance of the Geneva convention, and Guantanamo.
Mike Gravel's Legislative Accomplishments
THE ALASKA PIPELINE
In 1973, following years of study and judicial delay,
Senator Gravel introduced an amendment to empower the Congress to make the
policy decision about the construction of the Alaska Oil Pipeline. Initially,
the amendment was opposed in all quarters, by state and federal officials, the
labor movement, and the oil industry. Alone at the beginning, Mike Gravel built
support and gained allies who, in the end, helped secure the amendment's passage
in the Senate by a single vote. This accomplishment placed Alaska on a new
economic footing. The pipeline has been responsible for 20% of the U.S. oil
supply, has contributed substantially to the nation's balance of payments, and
has yielded economic benefits that dramatically improved the quality of life
across Alaskan society. A recent retrospective analysis has revealed that,
absent Senator Gravel's amendment, the pipeline would probably not have been
built, relegating the nation to greater foreign dependency and environmental
pollution.
CANNIKIN NUCLEAR TESTS
In the late 1960s and early 1970s, the Pentagon was
performing five calibration tests for a nuclear missile warhead that, upon
investigation, was revealed to be obsolete. Yet the tests, involving the
detonation of nuclear warheads under the seabed of the North Pacific at Amchitka
Island, Alaska (an earthquake prone area) were scheduled to continue. These
tests created large caverns under the seabed, encapsulating nuclear wastes with
life-threatening properties that would last more than a thousand years. These
caverns could rupture during an earthquake, spewing contaminated wastes into the
food chain of the North Pacific, thereby compromising one of the planet’s major
sources of food. Mike Gravel fought the tests in Congress, but he also went
beyond his role as a Senator to organize worldwide environmental opposition to
the Pentagon's plans. He succeeded in halting the program after the second test,
limiting the expansion of this threat to the marine environment of the North
Pacific.
“THE PEACEFUL ATOMâ€
In the decades of the 1950s and 1960s, nuclear fission was
considered an environmentally clean alternative for the generation of commercial
electricity and was part of a popular national policy for the peaceful use of
atomic energy. Mike Gravel was the first in Congress to publicly oppose this
national nuclear policy in 1970, and he used his office to organize citizen
opposition, successfully persuading Ralph Nader's organization to join the
fight. Senator Gravel's initial efforts, and later those of the environmental
movement that had coalesced in opposition, contributed to making the production
of commercial electricity through nuclear fission uneconomical. The wisdom of
this change in policy, was confirmed by the Three Mile Island and Chernobyl
disasters. Mike Gravel had applied the brakes to a headlong policy that was
threatening the global environment by producing nuclear wastes and proliferating
bomb-grade nuclear materials.
PEACETIME DRAFT
In May 1971, Senator Gravel began a one-man filibuster
that continued into September, forcing a deal to let the military draft expire.
The drafting of the nation's youth had been defense policy since 1947. In order
to save face and break the Senator's filibuster, the Nixon administration agreed
to let the draft expire in 1973 if given a two-year extension in 1971.
THE PENTAGON PAPERS
Daniel Ellsberg, a former Pentagon analyst who helped
write the secret Pentagon Papers, attempted to secure the Papers’ release
through a member of Congress in order to provide legal protection for the
release of this highly classified historical study that detailed how the United
States had ensnared itself in the Vietnam War. After congressional leaders
Ellsberg initially approached failed to act, he turned to the New York Times and
Washington Post, which then published excerpts of the study in June 1971. The
Nixon Justice Department sought an injunction against the newspapers, and a
Supreme Court decision that was due at the end of June put the publishers at
risk. The day before the Supreme Court decision, in an effort to moot any action
that might intimidate the newspapers, Mike Gravel officially released the
Pentagon Papers in his capacity as a Senator communicating with his
constituency. As it happened, the Supreme Court did not rule against the Fourth
Estate, but Senator Gravel continued to press for release of the full text of
the Pentagon Papers by publishing the papers in book form. He was turned down by
every major (and not-so-major) publishing house in the nation, save one. Beacon
Press, the publishing arm of the Unitarian Universalist Fellowship, faced down
the Nixon Administration by publishingThe Senator Gravel Edition, The Pentagon
Papers.
The Justice Department next brought legal action against Beacon Press and
against the Senator's editor, Dr. David Rotberg. Mike Gravel intervened in the
case, using his Senate office as a shield for Beacon Press and Rotberg.
Decisions at the District Court and the Court of Appeals protected the Senator
from prosecution but left Beacon Press and Rotberg at risk, so, against the
advice of his attorneys, Gravel took the matter to the Supreme Court. The
Supreme Court rendered a landmark constitutional decision in the spring of 1972,
narrowly defining the prerogatives of an elected representative with respect to
the “speech or debate†clause of the constitution. Senator Gravel's defeat
before the Supreme Court placed him at risk of prosecution, along with Beacon
Press and Rotberg. With Watergate afoot, the Nixon Justice Department lost
interest in the prosecution of Ellsberg, Gravel and Rotberg. However, the
Court's decision did set the stage for its later decision on the Nixon Tapes,
forcing Nixon's resignation from the Presidency.
A GREEK RELATIONSHIP
In the 1970s, Elias Demetracopoulos, an exiled Greek
journalist living in Washington, D.C., recruited Mike Gravel to use his position
in the U.S. Senate to speak out against the Nixon Administration's support of
the Colonels in Athens. Both the Greek Junta and the Nixon Administration were
trying to silence Mr. Demetracopoulos' effective leadership in building American
opposition to the military dictatorship in Greece. Senator Gravel was an
outspoken ally in this effort and gave Demetracopoulos personal succor. The
Senator also counseled with Merlena Mercouri and her husband, Jules Dassin, in
their opposition to the Junta, and used his influence, publicly and privately,
to side with the Greek national position on the Cyprus Question.
ENVIRONMENT
The decade of the 1970s saw the awakening by federal and
state legislatures to the need to control environmental pollution. Mike Gravel
’s service on the Environment and Public Works Committee throughout his Senate
career placed him in a leadership role on every major piece of environmental
legislation dealing with air, water, waste, and energy that emerged from the
U.S. Congress during this period.
LAW OF THE SEA
In the mid-1970s, the United Nations was moving toward the
codification of a legal regime for the oceans that cover two-thirds of the
earth's surface. Senator Gravel worked with UN leaders and committees, the
Secretary of State, our UN ambassador, and other agencies of government to
advance the UN's adoption of the Convention on the Law of the Sea -- despite the
opposition of the fishing industry in his home state of Alaska. The momentum
behind the UN effort was undermined by legislation introduced by the powerful
Senator Warren Magnuson and his Alaskan colleague, Senator Ted Stevens --
legislation that permitted the U.S. to unilaterally take control of the 200-mile
waters bordering its land mass. Senator Gravel successfully delayed this
legislation for two years in the hope that the UN would act first, but his
opposition ultimately failed to stop its passage. Efforts at the UN lost
momentum, and agreement was not reached until 1982. Shamefully, the U.S. is the
only nation in the world that has failed to ratify the Law of the Sea
Convention.
RED CHINA
Six months before Henry Kissinger's secret mission to the
People's Republic of China (PRC), Senator Gravel introduced unpopular
legislation to recognize and normalize relations with the PRC, in the hope of
bringing about a re-examination of our outdated policy towards the Chinese
people.
NATIVE CLAIMS SETTLEMENT ACT
The Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act was the first
major political settlement of aboriginal claims, which were customarily dealt
with what came to be recognized as a biased process. Senator Gravel co-authored
the legislation and provided outspoken leadership for some of its important, but
less popular, land-use features in the Settlement Act. He was responsible for
removing the federal government's paternalistic role in the management of native
economic affairs once the settlement had been approved by Congress.
SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS
In the early 1970s, Senator Gravel pioneered satellite
communications through a demonstration project that established links between
Alaskan villages and the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, Maryland,
for medical diagnostic communications. He then developed a proposal for the
Alaska Legislature for a satellite communications and video transmission system,
which has since been implemented, making Alaska's system the most advanced in
the U.S.
AGSOC
In an effort to broaden the ownership of capital in our
society, Senator Gravel authored and secured the passage into law of the General
Stock Ownership Corporation (GSOC), Subchapter U of the Tax Code. With the hope
of first using this law in Alaska, he brought about a ballot initiative in the
state's general election of 1980 on the creation of an Alaska General Stock
Ownership Corporation (AGSOG). As part of this effort, he negotiated a tentative
agreement with the British Petroleum Company to sell its interest in the Alaska
Pipeline to the AGSOC. The electorate failed to approve the AGSOC initiative. BP
now considers its pipeline interest to be one of the most profitable of its
Alaska holdings. Had the AGSOC been approved and the purchase consummated, it
would be paying out dividends of several hundred dollars annually to every
citizen/shareholder in Alaska.
CIRCUMPOLAR CONFERENCE
The Inuit peoples populate the Arctic regions of the
globe. At Senator Gravel's instigation, and with a private grant he secured, the
Alaskan North Slope native leadership organized a circumpolar conference
attended by Inuit representatives from Canada, Greenland, and Norway. Their
periodic convocations on culture, environment, and other regional concerns now
include representation from Russia.
RECORD IN ALASKA STATE LEGISLATURE
Mike Gravel served in the Alaska House of Representatives
from 1963 to 1966, and as Speaker from 1965 to 1966. Among his accomplishments
at the state include:
ALASKAN HIGH SCHOOL SYSTEM
Authored legislation that established the structure and
budget for a regional high school system for rural Alaska, permitting native
students to receive their education near their homes rather than travel to the
Bureau of Indian Affairs' schools outside Alaska.
LEGISLATIVE AND OTHER REFORMS
He effected legislative reforms, securing budgets to provide staffs for members and to expand research and support facilities, initiated electronic voting, and developed an intra-session hearing process throughout the state that fostered citizen participation.
The National Initiative for Democracy
A POPULIST CONCEPT OF DEMOCRACY
“Let the People Decideâ€
The central power of government in a democracy is lawmaking –– not voting. Those
who make the laws determine how, when, and if voters can vote. Florida and Ohio
are but recent examples. Governments throughout history have been tools of
oppression; they need not be. American citizens can gain control of their
government by becoming lawmakers and turning its purpose to public benefit, and
stemming government growth––the people are more conservative than their elected
officials regardless of political party.
Are the people qualified enough to make laws directly to govern their lives?
They’re qualified enough on Election Day to give their power away to political
candidates who manipulate the electoral process to get elected. In fact, it’s
easier to decide one’s self-interest directly than it is to guess the mind of a
representative who will naturally put his or her self-interest first.
More than 70% of the voters already make laws by initiative in twenty-four
states and in numerous local communities, and when voting on bond issues
referred to them for decision by their representatives––serious lawmaking.
American voters have made laws for the last 100 years and their record is as
good as their elected legislators––with respect to fiscal matters, the people’s
record is far superior.
How do Americans become lawmakers? The Congress is not likely to dilute its
power by empowering the people as lawmakers. Therefore, the people themselves
must enact the National Initiative for Democracy, a proposed law that empowers
them as lawmakers.
The National Initiative is a legislative package sponsored by The Democracy
Foundation (www.nationalinitiative.us), a non-profit IRS 501 C (3) corporation
that includes an Amendment to the Constitution and a Federal Statute. The
Democracy Amendment 1) amends the Constitution asserting the legislative powers
of the people, 2) sanctions the national election conducted by the nonprofit
corporation Philadelphia II, giving Americans the opportunity to vote on the
National Initiative, 3) creates an Electoral Trust (vital to maintain citizen
lawmaking independent of representatives) and defines the role of its trustees,
and 4) outlaws the use of monies not from natural persons in initiative
elections.
The Democracy Act is a proposed federal statute that 1) sets out deliberative
legislative procedures (copied from Congress) to be used for initiative
lawmaking by citizens in every government jurisdiction of the United States, 2)
defines the limited powers of the Electoral Trust that administers the
legislative procedures on behalf of the people, and 3) defines the electoral
threshold that must be reached for the National Initiative to become the law of
the land. It is important to understand that the National Initiative does not
alter the existing structure or powers of representative governments. Rather, it
adds an additional Check –– the People –– to our system of Checks and Balances,
while setting up a working partnership between the people and their elected
representatives.
How can American voters amend the Constitution and enact the National Initiative
if Congress opposes it? The people must go around all three branches of
government to amend the Constitution. There are only two venues within our
government structure where constitutions, constitutional amendments, and laws
can be enacted into law: the people or their elected representatives. The
Framers in Article 7 of the Constitution provided a procedure for We, the People
to ratify the Constitution and thereby create our government, but failed to
provide procedures for the people to alter the Constitution, even though they
repeatedly said the people had the right to change their government as they saw
fit. However, the Framers did provide amending procedures for themselves in
Article V, thereby perpetuating control of government be elites.
Conventional wisdom now holds that Article V is the only way to amend the
Constitution. Article V is how the government amends the Constitution, not how
the people do it. If the people had to use Article V to amend the Constitution
they would need permission from two-thirds of the Congress and three-fourths of
the state legislatures. This would mean that the creator of our government, the
people, would have to get permission from their elected representatives, the
createes of the people, to amend the Constitution. This logic is ludicrous. The
constituent power of the people––the source of all political power––cannot be
subject to the power of its creation.
James Madison had it right when he said that the people could just do it. The
people can amend the Constitution and make laws as long as the process they
employ is fair, transparent and reasonable. The National Initiative, the ongoing
people’s legislative procedures, is just that and the national election
conducted by Philadelphia II to enact the National Initiative under the
precedent of Article 7 is fair, transparent and reasonable. Today’s
communication technology permits us to ask all American citizens if they wish to
be empowered as lawmakers and if a majority of voters who voted in the last
presidential election so affirm–– regardless of the view of those in
government––then the National Initiative becomes the law of the land
If Americans wish to be empowered as lawmakers and truly have a government “by
the People†they must go to the Democracy Foundation’s web site:
www.nationalinitiative.us to
learn about the National Initiative. Please support the effort with a tax
deductible contributions.
The complete text of the National Initiative can also be found at:
www.nationalinitiative.us .