Member Since: 4/12/2007
Band Website: MYSPACE.COM/IMUSSPEAKOUT
Band Members: HIS IMPERIAL MAJESTY, THE EMPEROR HAILE SELLASSIE THE FIRST AND ALL PEACE LOVING HUMANITARIAN WHO SEEKS JUSTICE FOR ALL!!! FEEL FREE TO SEND POSITIVE MATERIALS OR BOLGS TO UPLOAD... GET WHAT U HAVE TO SAY OUT THERE, IN HERE...Steve Biko was born in King Williams Town, in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa. He was a student at the University of Natal Medical School. He was initially involved with the multiracial National Union of South African Students, but after he became convinced that black, Indian and Colored students needed an organization of their own, he helped found the South African Students' Organization (SASO) in 1968 and was elected its first president. The SASO evolved into the influential Black Consciousness Movement (BCM). In 1972 Biko became honorary president of the Black People's Convention. He was banned during the height of apartheid in March 1973, meaning that he was not allowed to speak to more than one person at a time, was restricted to certain areas, and could not make speeches in public. It was also forbidden to quote anything he said, including speeches or simple conversations. In spite of the repression of the apartheid government, Biko and the BCM played a large role in organizing the protests which led to the Soweto riots on 16 June 1976.Like Frantz Fanon, Biko originally studied medicine, and also like Fanon, Biko developed an intense concern for the development of black consciousness as a solution to the existential struggles which shape existence, both as a human and as an African (see Négritude). Biko can thus be seen as a follower of Fanon and Aimé Césaire, in contrast to more pacifist ANC leaders such as Nelson Mandela and Albert Lutuli who were first disciples of Gandhi.Biko saw the struggle to restore African consciousness as having two stages, "Psychological liberation" and "Physical liberation". The non-violent influence of Gandhi, and Martin Luther King upon Biko is then suspect, as Biko knew that for his struggle to give rise to physical liberation, it was necessary that it exist within the political realities of the apartheid regime, and Biko's non-violence may be seen more as a tactic than a personal conviction.Thus Biko's BCM had much in common with other left-wing African nationalist movements of the time, such as Amilcar Cabral's PAIGC and Huey Newton's Black Panther Party.In the aftermath of the Soweto riots, police began to target Biko further. On 18 August 1977, he was arrested at a police roadblock under the Terrorism Act No 83 of 1967. He suffered a major head injury while in police custody and was chained to a window grille for a full day. On 11 September 1977 police loaded him into the back of a car and began the 740-mile drive to Pretoria. He died shortly after the arrival in the Pretoria prison. Police claimed his death was the result of an extended hunger strike. He was found to have massive injuries to the head which many saw as strong evidence that he had been heavily and brutally clubbed.Due to his fame, news of his death quickly spread across the world, and it provided a great wake-up call internationally to the extent of the brutality of the apartheid regime. His funeral was attended by many thousands of people, including numerous ambassadors and other diplomats from the United States and Western Europe. Journalist Donald Woods, a personal friend of Biko, photographed his injuries in the morgue and was later forced to flee South Africa for England, where he campaigned against apartheid and further publicized Biko's life and death.http://blog.myspace.com/index.cfm?fuseaction=blog.List
All&friendID=73355585The following year on the 2 February 1978, the Attorney-General of the Eastern Cape stated that he would not prosecute any police involved in the arrest and detention of Biko and on 7 October 2003, the South African Justice Ministry officials announced that the five policemen who were accused of killing Biko would not be prosecuted because of insufficient evidence. During the trial it was claimed that Biko's head injuries were a self-inflicted suicide attempt, and not the result of any beatings. The judge ultimately ruled that a murder charge could not be supported partly because there were no witnesses to the killing. Charges of culpable homicide and assault were also considered, but because the killing occurred in 1977, the time frame for prosecution had expired.ROSA
February 4, 1913
Rosa Louise McCauley born in Tuskegee, Alabama, the daughter of a carpenter and a schoolteacher.1915
• Baptized in the African Methodist Episcopal (AME) Church Moves with her mother and younger brother to her grandparentsâ€-- farm in Pine Level, Alabama1918
Begins attending segregated elementary school in Pine Level1924
Enrolls in the Montgomery Industrial School, a private school run by Northern liberal white women, popularly known as â€--Miss Whiteâ€--s Industrial School for Girlsâ€ÂDec. 1932
Marries Raymond Parks, a barber, in Pine Level, Alabama1931-33
Raymond is active in the National Committee to Defend the Scottsboro Boys, eight black youths unjustly convicted of raping two white women1933
Receives high school diploma and attends Alabama State College in Montgomery1941
Works as a secretary at Maxwell Air Force Base in Montgomery, an integrated federal facility; rides on integrated buses on the base1942
Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) formed1943
• Is denied the right to register to vote, Is put off a city bus for refusing to enter by the back door Becomes secretary of the Montgomery NAACP1944
Is denied the right to vote for a second time1945
Successfully registers to vote at last 1946. Attends a NAACP leadership training seminar in Jacksonville, Florida1947
Begins working as a seamstress in a local tailoring shop1948
President Harry Truman orders the desegregation of U.S. military forces Makes a speech before the Alabama NAACP convention and is elected secretary of the state convention1949
Becomes adviser to NAACP Youth Council1954
U.S. Supreme Court rules that â€--separate but equal†doctrine is unconstitutional in Brown v. Board of Education Summer 1955 Attends civil rights workshop at the Highlander Folk School, a populist labor/civil rights organizing center located in Monteagle, Tennessee The news of a 14-year old black boy from Chicago, Emmett Till, brutally murdered and mutilated in Mississippi draws national attention and wide sympathy for â€--the Negro cause.Dec. 1, 1955
Arrested for refusing to give up her seat on a Montgomery busDec. 5, 1955
Stands trial and is convicted of disorderly conduct Attends the first mass meeting of the Montgomery Improvement Association led by Martin Luther King, Jr. The Montgomery Bus Boycott beginsFeb. 21, 1956
Is indicted along with 89 others for boycotting city busesNov. 13, 1956
U.S. Supreme Court rules segregation on Montgomery buses to be UnconstitutionalDec. 21, 1956
Montgomery City buses are integrated for the first time; the bus boycott is ended after 381 days1957
Moves to Detroit, President Dwight Eisenhower sends the U.S. Armyâ€--s 101st Airborne Division to protect black students integrating the Little Rock (Arkansas) Central High School Southern Christian Leadership Council (SCLC) is founded with Martin Luther King, Jr., as its first president1958
Leaving her husband and mother behind in Detroit, Rosa Parks works for a year at the all-black Hampton Institute in Virginia1959
Returns to Detroit and begins working as a seamstress again1960
Black college students stage lunch counter sit-ins at the Greensboro, North Carolina, Woolworthâ€--s Civil Rights Act of 1960 signed into law Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) formed Summer 1961 Black and white college students test segregated buses in a widespread movement known as the Freedom Rides; racist violence against them brings more national support for civil rights1962
President John F. Kennedy federalizes Mississippi National Guard to secure the admission of James Meredith to the University of Mississippi1963
Attends the March on Washington, Addresses the national meeting of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference Massive Civil Rights Demonstrations in Birmingham, Alabama, and the response of the white power structureâ€â€the use of fire hoses and police dogsâ€â€are seen for the first time on national television1964
President Lyndon B. Johnson declares, â€--We Shall Overcome,†on national television Civil Rights Bill of 1964 signed into law 1965, Participates in the Selma-to-Montgomery March Joins Coretta Scott King in speaking before the national meeting of the Womenâ€--s Public Affairs Committee of 1,000, a multiracial group dedicated racial harmony Begins working as an aide to Congressman John Conyers Voting Rights Act of 1965 signed into law Malcolm X, a radical black spokesman, is assassinated Riots in the Watts section of Los Angeles1968
Martin Luther King, Jr. is assassinated and urban riots rock the nation1970
Receives the Spingarn Award, the NAACPâ€--s highest honor for contributions to civil rights1977
Raymond Parks dies1987
Founds the Rosa and Raymond Parks Institute for Self-Development1988
Retires from Congressman Conyersâ€-- office1994
Is attacked in her Detroit home by a young man demanding money1995
Addresses the Million Man March in Washington, D.C.1996
President Bill Clinton awards her the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the highest civilian honor bestowed by the U.S. government1999
Receives the Congressional Gold Medal2000
Attends the dedication of the Rosa Parks Museum at the Troy State University, MontgomeryOctober 24, 2005
Rosa Parks dies at Age 92NELSON MANDELAMandela's words, "The struggle is my life," are not to be taken lightly. Nelson Mandela personifies struggle. He is still leading the fight against apartheid with extraordinary vigour and resilience after spending nearly three decades of his life behind bars. He has sacrificed his private life and his youth for his people, and remains South Africa's best known and loved hero. Mandela has held numerous positions in the ANC: ANCYL secretary (1948); ANCYL president (1950); ANC Transvaal president (1952); deputy national president (1952) and ANC president (1991). He was born at Qunu, near Umtata on 18 July 1918. His father, Henry Mgadla Mandela, was chief councillor to Thembuland's acting paramount chief David Dalindyebo. When his father died, Mandela became the chief's ward and was groomed for the chieftainship. Mandela matriculated at Healdtown Methodist Boarding School and then started a BA degree at Fort Hare. As an SRC member he participated in a student strike and was expelled, along with the late Oliver Tambo, in 1940. He completed his degree by correspondence from Johannesburg, did articles of clerkship and enrolled for an LLB at the University of the Witwatersrand. In 1944 he helped found the ANC Youth League, whose Programme of Action was adopted by the ANC in 1949. Mandela was elected national volunteer-in-chief of the 1952 Defiance Campaign. He travelled the country organising resistance to discriminatory legislation. He was given a suspended sentence for his part in the campaign. Shortly afterwards a banning order confined him to Johannesburg for six months. During this period he formulated the "M Plan", in terms of which ANC branches were broken down into underground cells. By 1952 Mandela and Tambo had opened the first black legal firm in the country, and Mandela was both Transvaal president of the ANC and deputy national president. A petition by the Transvaal Law Society to strike Mandela off the roll of attorneys was refused by the Supreme Court. In the 'fifties, after being forced through constant bannings to resign officially from the ANC, Mandela analysed the Bantustan policy as a political swindle. He predicted mass removals, political persecutions and police terror. For the second half of the 'fifties, he was one of the accused in the Treason Trial. With Duma Nokwe, he conducted the defence. When the ANC was banned after the Sharpeville massacre in 1960, he was detained until 1961 when he went underground to lead a campaign for a new national convention. Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK), the military wing of the ANC, was born the same year. Under his leadership it launched a campaign of sabotage against government and economic installations. In 1962 Mandela left the country for military training in Algeria and to arrange training for other MK members. On his return he was arrested for leaving the country illegally and for incitement to strike. He conducted his own defence. He was convicted and jailed for five years in November 1962. While serving his sentence, he was charged, in the Rivonia trial, with sabotage and sentenced to life imprisonment. A decade before being imprisoned, Mandela had spoken out against the introduction of Bantu Education, recommending that community activists "make every home, every shack or rickety structure a centre of learning". Robben Island, where he was imprisoned, became a centre for learning, and Mandela was a central figure in the organised political education classes. In prison Mandela never compromised his political principles and was always a source of strength for the other prisoners. During the 'seventies he refused the offer of a remission of sentence if he recognised Transkei and settled there. In the 'eighties he again rejected PW Botha's offer of freedom if he renounced violence. It is significant that shortly after his release on Sunday 11 February 1990, Mandela and his delegation agreed to the suspension of armed struggle. Mandela has honorary degrees from more than 50 international universities and is chancellor of the University of the North. He was inaugurated as the first democratically elected State President of South Africa on 10 May 1994 - June 1999 Nelson Mandela retired from Public life in June 1999. He currently resides in his birth place - Qunu, Transkei. Nelson Mandela's greatest pleasure, his most private moment, is watching the sun set with the music of Handel or Tchaikovsky playing. Locked up in his cell during daylight hours, deprived of music, both these simple pleasures were denied him for decades. With his fellow prisoners, concerts were organised when possible, particularly at Christmas time, where they would sing. Nelson Mandela finds music very uplifting, and takes a keen interest not only in European classical music but also in African choral music and the many talents in South African music. But one voice stands out above all - that of Paul Robeson, whom he describes as our hero. The years in jail reinforced habits that were already entrenched: the disciplined eating regime of an athlete began in the 1940s, as did the early morning exercise. Still today Nelson Mandela is up by 4.30am, irrespective of how late he has worked the previous evening. By 5am he has begun his exercise routine that lasts at least an hour. Breakfast is by 6.30, when the days newspapers are read. The day s work has begun. With a standard working day of at least 12 hours, time management is critical and Nelson Mandela is extremely impatient with unpunctuality, regarding it as insulting to those you are dealing with. When speaking of the extensive travelling he has undertaken since his release from prison, Nelson Mandela says: I was helped when preparing for my release by the biography of Pandit Nehru, who wrote of what happens when you leave jail. My daughter Zinzi says that she grew up without a father, who, when he returned, became a father of the nation. This has placed a great responsibility of my shoulders. And wherever I travel, I immediately begin to miss the familiar - the mine dumps, the colour and smell that is uniquely South African, and, above all, the people. I do not like to be away for any length of time. For me, there is no place like home. Mandela accepted the Nobel Peace Prize as an accolade to all people who have worked for peace and stood against racism. It was as much an award to his person as it was to the ANC and all South Africa s people. In particular, he regards it as a tribute to the people of Norway who stood against apartheid while many in the world were silent. We know it was Norway that provided resources for farming; thereby enabling us to grow food; resources for education and vocational training and the provision of accommodation over the years in exile. The reward for all this sacrifice will be the attainment of freedom and democracy in South Africa, in an open society which respects the rights of all individuals. That goal is now in sight, and we have to thank the people and governments of Norway and Sweden for the tremendous role they played. Personal Tastes • Breakfast of plain porridge, with fresh fruit and fresh milk. • A favourite is the traditionally prepared meat of a freshly slaughtered sheep, and the delicacy Amarhewu (fermented corn-meal).
Influences: H.I.M. THE EMPEROR HAILE SELLASSIE THE FIRST, EYESUS KRISTOS, THE COPTIC ARCHBISHOP ABUNA KYRILLIOS, MARCUS GARVEY, HON. BROTHER BOB MARLEY O.M., MALCOLM X, MARTIN LUTHER, MARTIN LUTHER KING, HON. LOUIS FARRACHAN, FREDRICK DOUGLAS, EMMIT TILL, PAT TILLMAN, HARRIET TUBMAN, SHIRLY CHISLOM, SEAN BELL, PATRICK DORISMAN, AMADO DIALLO, POSITIVE PEOPLE AND NEGATIVE INFLUENCES...TO B CONTINUED...
Sounds Like: THE INFLUENCES ....
Record Label: SPEAKIN' OUT RECORDS
Type of Label: Indie