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The OTTOMAN EMPIRE

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The Ottoman Empire,Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, see also the other names of the state) (1299 to 1922) was a Turkish state which, at the height of its power (16th – 17th centuries), spanned three continents (see also the extent of Ottoman territories), controlling much of Southeastern Europe, the Middle East and North Africa, stretching from the Strait of Gibraltar (and in 1553 the Atlantic coast of North Africa beyond Gibraltar) in the west to the Caspian Sea and Persian Gulf in the east, from the edge of Austria and Slovenia and beyond Ukraine in the north to Sudan and Yemen in the south. Ottomans began to see themselves as the rulers of a "Universal Empire" and heirs to both Roman and Islamic traditions, hence "unification of cultures".The empire was at the center of interactions between the Eastern and Western worlds for six centuries. In the course of its lifespan, it undertook, more than once, programs of both Islamization and modernization (reform), blurring the difference between the West and the East. The "golden age" of the Ottoman Empire is during the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent in the 16th Century. In different fields, this can be seen both in the architecture of Koca Mimar Sinan Aga, and in the domination of the Mediterranean by the Ottoman navy, led by Barbarossa Hayreddin Pasha. The Ottoman Empire reached its territorial peak in the 17th century.With Istanbul as its capital, the Ottoman Empire was in some respects an Islamic successor to earlier Mediterranean empires — the Roman and Byzantine empires. The Empire was the only Islamic power to seriously challenge the rising power of Western Europe between the 15th and 19th centuries. It steadily declined during the 19th century and met its demise after its defeat in World War I in the Middle Eastern theatre. In the aftermath of the war, the Ottoman government collapsed and the empire's lands were partitioned.

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Ataturk and Turkish Nation

Atatürk and the Turkish Nation Atatürk returned to Istanbul at the end of the war, his military reputation untarnished by the defeat of the empire that he had served. Revered by his troops as well as ...
Posted by on Mon, 09 Apr 2007 00:37:00 GMT

The First World War

As the two European alliance systems drew closer to war in 1914, Enver's pronounced pro-German sympathies, shared by many in the military and bureaucracy, prevailed over the pragmatic neutrality propo...
Posted by on Mon, 09 Apr 2007 00:36:00 GMT

History of Ottoman Empire 1900-1921

..> Abdül Hamid II..> The repressive policies of Abdül Hamid II fostered disaffection, especially among those educated in Europe or in Westernized schools. Young officers and students who conspir...
Posted by on Mon, 09 Apr 2007 00:35:00 GMT

History of Ottoman Empire 1800-1900

Egypt was evacuated on 2nd September 1801 and under the First Consul France hastened to restore diplomatic relations with the Porte. The hegemony of Selim III over Egypt was acknowledged under the con...
Posted by on Mon, 09 Apr 2007 00:32:00 GMT

History of Ottoman Empire 1700-1800

During the eighteenth century, the Ottoman Empire was almost continuously at war with one or more of its enemies--Persia, Poland, Austria, and Russia. War with Russia, in fact, dominates the Ottoman s...
Posted by on Mon, 09 Apr 2007 00:30:00 GMT

History of Ottoman Empire 1600-1700

..> SelimII at Belgrad Campaign..> Some of the Historians blame someone Selim II (1566-1574), the son of Suleiyman I for the decline of the Ottoman Empire,. It's clear that Selim was the first di...
Posted by on Mon, 09 Apr 2007 00:26:00 GMT

History of Ottoman Empire 1500-1600

..> Süleyman I..> Selim I's son, Süleyman I (r. 1520-66), was called the "lawgiver" (kanuni ) by his Muslim subjects because of a new codification of seriat undertaken during his reign. In Europe...
Posted by on Mon, 09 Apr 2007 00:24:00 GMT

History of Ottoman Empire 1400-1500

Bayazid's achievement was short-lived; his army was destroyed at Ankara in 1402 by Timur (Tamerlane), the last of the Mongol invaders to reach as far west as Anatolia. There followed an eleven-year hi...
Posted by on Mon, 09 Apr 2007 00:21:00 GMT

History of Ottoman Empire 1299-1400

When Genghis Khan's hordes appeared in Europe, only to vanish again, and after their survivors, the Turkish Mamelukes, had settled in Egypt, newcomers, also from the high plateaus of Central Asia, app...
Posted by on Mon, 09 Apr 2007 00:03:00 GMT